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)10()7()20()11()13()-21()3()4()11()4()4()8()]TJ 5.2327 0 Td [()9()11()2()20( )7()11()20()11()12()-4()]TJ /F7 1 Tf 4.0082 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7007 0 Td (other)Tj 2.2961 0 Td (parasitic)Tj 3.5036 0 Td (nematodes.)Tj ET Q q 1 j 1 J 0 w 11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 560.9763 cm BT /F2 1 Tf 1 TL -0.0033 Tc 0 0 Td (Results)Tj /F0 1 Tf 0 -1.4976 Td (IJs)Tj 1.4882 0 Td (undergo)Tj 3.8409 0 Td (quantifiable)Tj 5.2583 0 Td (morphological)Tj 6.3591 0 Td (changes)Tj 3.9544 0 Td (when)Tj 2.5795 0 Td (they)Tj 2.0883 0 Td (transition)Tj -25.5687 -1.1669 Td (from)Tj 2.2015 0 Td (free-living)Tj 4.493 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0488 0 Td (parasitizing)Tj 5.2064 0 Td (a)Tj 0.7653 0 Td (host)Tj ET Q q 1 j 1 J 0 w 10 0 0 10 200.0125 511.9937 cm BT /F7 1 Tf 1 TL -0.004 Tc 0 0 Td (Infective)Tj 3.685 0 Td (third-stage)Tj 4.5467 0 Td (larvae)Tj 2.5852 0 Td (\(L3\))Tj 1.9105 0 Td (or)Tj 1.0999 0 Td (infective)Tj 3.6113 0 Td (juveniles)Tj 3.7304 0 Td (\(IJs\))Tj 1.9332 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (many)Tj 2.4774 0 Td (parasitic)Tj 3.5943 0 Td (nematodes)Tj 4.5581 0 Td (are)Tj 1.4513 0 Td (in)Tj -36.1981 -1.2982 Td (a)Tj 0.6519 0 Td (suspended)Tj 4.439 0 Td (stage)Tj 2.1997 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (development)Tj 5.4141 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (33)Tj 0 g (,)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k 1.7348 0 Td (34)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 1.7348 0 Td (When)Tj 2.6873 0 Td (IJs)Tj 1.2529 0 Td (enter)Tj 2.2847 0 Td (an)Tj 1.2019 0 Td (appropriate)Tj 4.8755 0 Td (host)Tj 1.9162 0 Td (they)Tj 1.9219 0 Td (undergo)Tj -33.3295 -1.3039 Td (striking)Tj 3.2938 0 Td (morphological)Tj 6.0604 0 Td (changes)Tj 3.4016 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (resume)Tj 3.1464 0 Td (development)Tj 5.4142 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (35)Tj 0 g (,)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k 1.7348 0 Td (36)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 1.7348 0 Td (The)Tj 1.7858 0 Td (resumption)Tj 4.8585 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (feeding)Tj -34.1742 -1.2983 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (development)Tj 5.4084 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7292 0 Td (the)Tj 1.474 0 Td (initiation)Tj 3.9231 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (infection)Tj 3.7871 0 Td (have)Tj 2.0636 0 Td (been)Tj 2.1203 0 Td (studied)Tj 3.1521 0 Td (in)Tj 1.0374 0 Td (detail)Tj 2.4152 0 Td (in)Tj 1.0374 0 Td (some)Tj 2.3301 0 Td (parasitic)Tj -33.2218 -1.2983 Td (nematodes,)Tj 4.7848 0 Td (including)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.0422 0 Td [()30()6( )-9()3()4()7()9()11()11()6()]TJ 5.2667 0 Td [( )7()16()18()12()18()12()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.9288 0 Td [()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0998 0 Td [( )7()-5()3()4()16()18()4( )1()12()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.8359 0 Td [()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0999 0 Td [()12()4()4()4()2()6()11()4()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.4673 0 Td [()28()7( )7()22()11()11()]TJ 3.2882 0 Td [()16()6()2()-9()4( )7()16()18()-4()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (,)Tj -32.8136 -1.2982 Td (and)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.7291 0 Td [()35()10(\n)11(\n)4()7()9()7()20()11()13()-21()3()12()-4()]TJ 6.5196 0 Td [()11()20()10()4()12()4()2()10()-4()]TJ /F7 1 Tf 4.4901 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (35)Tj 0 g (�)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (41)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 3.5433 0 Td (Entomopathogenic)Tj 7.8802 0 Td (nematode)Tj 4.2066 0 Td (infective)Tj 3.6113 0 Td (juveniles)Tj 3.7304 0 Td (are)Tj -35.7106 -1.3039 Td (non-feeding)Tj 5.1193 0 Td (with)Tj 1.9956 0 Td (a)Tj 0.6519 0 Td (sealed)Tj 2.6362 0 Td (mouth)Tj 2.9027 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (a)Tj 0.652 0 Td (collapsed)Tj 3.9061 0 Td (pharynx)Tj 3.5433 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (12)Tj 0 g (,)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k 1.7348 0 Td (42)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 1.7348 0 Td (Similar)Tj 3.101 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0262 0 Td (some)Tj 2.33 0 Td (animal-)Tj -33.063 -1.2983 Td (parasitic)Tj 3.5943 0 Td (nematodes,)Tj 4.7848 0 Td (when)Tj 2.4038 0 Td (EPN)Tj 2.0863 0 Td (IJs)Tj 1.2529 0 Td (enter)Tj 2.2847 0 Td (a)Tj 0.6519 0 Td (host,)Tj 2.1373 0 Td (as)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (yet)Tj 1.4004 0 Td (undefined)Tj 4.3029 0 Td (signals)Tj 2.9027 0 Td (induce)Tj 2.9367 0 Td (recovery)Tj 3.651 0 Td (from)Tj -35.4045 -1.2983 Td (the)Tj 1.4683 0 Td (developmentally)Tj 6.7918 0 Td (arrested)Tj 3.4299 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.89 0 Td (stage.)Tj 2.4265 0 Td (This)Tj 1.9899 0 Td (transition)Tj 4.1215 0 Td (from)Tj 2.2054 0 Td (free-living)Tj 4.3256 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0204 0 Td (an)Tj 1.2076 0 Td (active)Tj 2.5171 0 Td (parasitic)Tj -33.2841 -1.3039 Td (life)Tj 1.4456 0 Td (style)Tj 2.0013 0 Td (has)Tj 1.542 0 Td (been)Tj 2.126 0 Td (called)Tj 2.5171 0 Td (many)Tj 2.4775 0 Td (things;)Tj 2.914 0 Td (reactivation)Tj 4.9492 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (39)Tj 0 g (],)Tj 2.075 0 Td (resumption)Tj 4.8642 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (feeding)Tj 3.1634 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (36)Tj 0 g (],)Tj 2.075 0 Td (resump-)Tj -33.1651 -1.2983 Td (tion)Tj 1.8425 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (development)Tj 5.4084 0 Td (or)Tj 1.0999 0 Td (initiation)Tj 3.9231 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (development)Tj 5.4085 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (35)Tj 0 g (,)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k 1.7347 0 Td (39)Tj 0 g (],)Tj 1.7348 0 Td (recovery)Tj 3.651 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (43)Tj 0 g (],)Tj 2.0807 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (activation)Tj 4.1499 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (36)Tj 0 g (,)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k -34.7922 -1.2982 Td (41)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 1.7347 0 Td (Because)Tj 3.3959 0 Td (this)Tj 1.6725 0 Td (transition)Tj 4.1215 0 Td (from)Tj 2.2053 0 Td (free-living)Tj 4.3257 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0261 0 Td (an)Tj 1.2019 0 Td (active)Tj 2.5228 0 Td (parasitic)Tj 3.5886 0 Td (life)Tj 1.4457 0 Td (style)Tj 2.0069 0 Td (requires)Tj 3.4696 0 Td (dramatic)Tj -33.6073 -1.3039 Td (morphological)Tj 6.0604 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (physiological)Tj 5.4425 0 Td (changes,)Tj 3.6283 0 Td (we)Tj 1.3266 0 Td (refer)Tj 2.0976 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0262 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4683 0 Td (process)Tj 3.1861 0 Td (as)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (activation)Tj 4.1499 0 Td (rather)Tj 2.6475 0 Td (than)Tj -34.6674 -1.2983 Td (recovery,)Tj 3.8721 0 Td (as)Tj 1.0147 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4741 0 Td (process)Tj 3.1804 0 Td (is)Tj 0.8504 0 Td (called)Tj 2.5228 0 Td (in)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0318 0 Td [()]TJ /F7 1 Tf (.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0658 0 Td [()15()4()9()2()16()]TJ /F7 1 Tf 2.9991 0 Td (dauers)Tj 2.8629 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (44)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 2.0807 0 Td (In)Tj 1.1055 0 Td (order)Tj 2.4207 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0262 0 Td (study)Tj 2.3924 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4683 0 Td (contribution)Tj -31.3679 -1.2983 Td (of)Tj 1.0147 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4684 0 Td (nematode)Tj 4.2009 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0261 0 Td (parasitism)Tj 4.3484 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7347 0 Td (host)Tj 1.9106 0 Td (pathology,)Tj 4.405 0 Td (we)Tj 1.3266 0 Td (wanted)Tj 3.1351 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0261 0 Td (be)Tj 1.1509 0 Td (able)Tj 1.8312 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0261 0 Td (quantify)Tj 3.5433 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (activa-)Tj -34.0382 -1.2982 Td (tion.)Tj 2.0636 0 Td (Morphological)Tj 6.1341 0 Td (characters)Tj 4.286 0 Td (can)Tj 1.627 0 Td (be)Tj 1.1509 0 Td (used)Tj 2.0579 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0262 0 Td (differentiate)Tj 5.0796 0 Td (between)Tj 3.5263 0 Td (non-activated)Tj 5.7373 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (acti-)Tj -34.418 -1.3039 Td (vated)Tj 2.3584 0 Td (IJs,)Tj 1.474 0 Td (so)Tj 1.0885 0 Td (we)Tj 1.3266 0 Td (leveraged)Tj 3.9911 0 Td (these)Tj 2.2564 0 Td (features)Tj 3.3449 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0261 0 Td (quantify)Tj 3.5433 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4683 0 Td (process)Tj 3.1861 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (activation)Tj 4.1499 0 Td ([)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (45)Tj 0 g (].)Tj 2.0806 0 Td (The)Tj 1.7802 0 Td (closed)Tj -34.9793 -1.2983 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (opened)Tj 3.1691 0 Td (mouth)Tj 2.897 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (non-activated)Tj 5.7373 0 Td (IJs)Tj 1.2529 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (activated)Tj 3.7814 0 Td (nematodes,)Tj 4.7848 0 Td (respectively,)Tj 5.1137 0 Td (can)Tj 1.6271 0 Td (be)Tj 1.1508 0 Td (clearly)Tj -33.9871 -1.2983 Td (observed)Tj 3.7927 0 Td (by)Tj 1.1849 0 Td (scanning)Tj 3.8154 0 Td (electron)Tj 3.4639 0 Td (microscopy)Tj 4.8699 0 Td (\(SEM\))Tj 2.8346 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8255 0 Td (1A)Tj 1.3776 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7292 0 Td (1B)Tj 0 g (\).)Tj 1.8425 0 Td (Additionally,)Tj 5.4538 0 Td (we)Tj 1.3266 0 Td (have)Tj -33.5166 -1.3039 Td (found)Tj 2.6191 0 Td (that)Tj 1.7745 0 Td (the)Tj 1.474 0 Td (morphological)Tj 6.0548 0 Td (change)Tj 3.0444 0 Td (of)Tj 1.0148 0 Td (the)Tj 1.4683 0 Td (terminal)Tj 3.6283 0 Td (pharyngeal)Tj 4.6432 0 Td (bulb)Tj 2.0069 0 Td (is)Tj 0.8504 0 Td (a)Tj 0.6519 0 Td (reliable)Tj 3.1408 0 Td (indicator)Tj -32.3714 -1.2983 Td (of)Tj 1.0147 0 Td (IJ)Tj 0.8901 0 Td (activation)Tj 4.1499 0 Td (using)Tj 2.3924 0 Td (traditional)Tj 4.4164 0 Td (light)Tj 2.0239 0 Td (microscopy.)Tj 5.0967 0 Td (The)Tj 1.7858 0 Td (pharyngeal)Tj 4.6431 0 Td (bulb)Tj 2.0069 0 Td (in)Tj 1.0375 0 Td (non-activated)Tj 5.7316 0 Td (IJs)Tj -35.189 -1.2982 Td (is)Tj 0.8447 0 Td (generally)Tj 3.8381 0 Td (invisible)Tj 3.5602 0 Td (or)Tj 1.0999 0 Td (at)Tj 0.9524 0 Td (least)Tj 1.9786 0 Td (much)Tj 2.5228 0 Td (more)Tj 2.3414 0 Td (obscure)Tj 3.3392 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8198 0 Td (1C)Tj 1.3607 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (1D)Tj 0 g (;)Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k 1.6554 0 Td (S1)Tj 1.1735 0 Td (Video)Tj 0 g (\);)Tj 3.2032 0 Td (whereas)Tj 3.4469 0 Td (it)Tj -34.8659 -1.3039 Td (becomes)Tj 3.6793 0 Td (easily)Tj 2.3981 0 Td (observable)Tj 4.4447 0 Td (when)Tj 2.3981 0 Td (partially)Tj 3.4809 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8142 0 Td (1E)Tj 1.2585 0 Td (and)Tj 1.7235 0 Td (1F)Tj 0 g (\))Tj 1.559 0 Td (or)Tj 1.0885 0 Td (fully)Tj 1.9786 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8142 0 Td (1G)Tj 1.4003 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0204 0 Td (1J)Tj 0 g (\))Tj 1.3607 0 Td (expanded.)Tj 4.3029 0 Td (Pha-)Tj -35.7219 -1.2983 Td (ryngeal)Tj 3.1634 0 Td (pumping)Tj 3.8834 0 Td (is)Tj 0.8448 0 Td (not)Tj 1.576 0 Td (discernible)Tj 4.5864 0 Td (in)Tj 1.0375 0 Td (partially)Tj 3.4866 0 Td (expanded)Tj 4.0875 0 Td (pharyngeal)Tj 4.6432 0 Td (bulbs)Tj 2.3697 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (S2)Tj 1.508 0 Td (Video)Tj 0 g (\))Tj 2.9821 0 Td (but)Tj 1.5533 0 Td (is)Tj -35.7219 -1.2983 Td (prominent)Tj 4.5183 0 Td (in)Tj 1.0319 0 Td (fully)Tj 1.9842 0 Td (expanded)Tj 4.0819 0 Td (ones)Tj 2.0579 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (S3)Tj 1.508 0 Td (video)Tj 0 g (\).)Tj 2.965 0 Td (We)Tj 1.6101 0 Td (used)Tj 2.0523 0 Td (these)Tj 2.2563 0 Td (characters)Tj 4.286 0 Td (to)Tj 1.0205 0 Td (define)Tj 2.6985 0 Td (three)Tj 2.2621 0 Td (separate)Tj -34.333 -1.3039 Td (activation)Tj 4.1498 0 Td (states:)Tj 2.6249 0 Td (\(1\))Tj 1.372 0 Td (nematodes)Tj 4.5637 0 Td (without)Tj 3.3335 0 Td (an)Tj 1.2019 0 Td (observable)Tj 4.4561 0 Td (pharyngeal)Tj 4.6374 0 Td (bulb)Tj 2.0126 0 Td (are)Tj 1.4457 0 Td (non-activated)Tj 5.7372 0 Td (IJs)Tj -35.5348 -1.2983 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8198 0 Td (1C)Tj 0 g (\);)Tj 1.9219 0 Td (\(2\))Tj 1.3776 0 Td (those)Tj 2.3357 0 Td (with)Tj 2.0013 0 Td (a)Tj 0.6519 0 Td (partially)Tj 3.4866 0 Td (expanded)Tj 4.0876 0 Td (pharyngeal)Tj 4.6431 0 Td (bulb)Tj 2.0069 0 Td (are)Tj 1.4513 0 Td (partially)Tj 3.4866 0 Td (activated)Tj 3.7814 0 Td (\()Tj 0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k (Fig)Tj 1.8198 0 Td (1E)Tj 0 g (\);)Tj -34.8715 -1.2982 Td (and)Tj 1.7291 0 Td (\(3\))Tj 1.3776 0 Td (those)Tj 2.3357 0 Td (with)Tj 1.9956 0 Td (a)Tj 0.6576 0 Td (fully)Tj 1.9786 0 Td 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