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%PDF-1.2 %�� 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (1) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -237 633.84 TD ( ) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -6 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 234 0 TD ( ) Tj -234 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 234 0 TD ( ) Tj -234 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD ( ) Tj 83.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0127 Tc -0.0127 Tw (TEN DECISIONS THAT COULD SHAKE THE WORLD) Tj 300.36 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -384.24 -13.92 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 178.44 0 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.0107 Tw (Michael A.G. Michaud) Tj 111.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -289.56 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0207 Tc 0.0207 Tw (Former Chairperson, International Academy of Astronautics Subcommittee on Issues) Tj 408.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -438.12 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 63.6 0 TD -0.0166 Tc 0.0166 Tw (of Policy Concerning Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Tj 340.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -404.52 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 150.96 0 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.0064 Tw (email: magmichaud@hotmail.com) Tj 166.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -317.16 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj T* -0.027 Tc (Abstract) Tj ET 72 522.72 40.56 0.6 re f BT 112.56 524.64 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.8534 Tw (. Contact with extraterrestrial intelligence \(ETI\) will force policy) Tj 317.16 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.7298 Tw (makers to make some) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -361.68 -14.16 TD -0.0343 Tc -0.7028 Tw (decisions, and will present opportunities for them to influence events by making others. The choices) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.017 Tc -0.703 Tw (they make could have a profound impact on the human futu) Tj 278.64 0 TD -0.0653 Tc -0.6947 Tw (re. This paper describes ten categories of) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -278.64 -14.16 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.4295 Tw (decisions and briefly discusses their implications. The ten categories are: \(1\) calling attention to ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0706 Tc -0.7019 Tw (ourselves; \(2\) information release and access to the signal; \(3\) managing political reactions; \(4\) who) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0 Tw (speaks) Tj 31.92 0 TD -0.0158 Tc -0.4389 Tw ( for the Earth; \(5\) what should we say; \(6\) who decides; \(7\) how do we conduct relations; \(8\) ) Tj -31.92 -14.16 TD -0.0173 Tc 3.3573 Tw (intensifying the search; \(9\) expanding human presence and capabilities; \(10\) adopting an) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.0209 Tw (extraterrestrial strategy for the human species.) Tj 221.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -221.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (When we speculate abo) Tj 113.4 0 TD -0.0236 Tc -0.0724 Tw (ut extraterrestrial civilizations, we reason by analogy with the only ) Tj -149.4 -14.16 TD -0.0112 Tc 1.9812 Tw (technological civilization we know: our own. Our choice of analogies matters, because those) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (analogies can become assumptions. ) Tj 176.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -176.28 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.013 Tc -0.707 Tw (We should not assume that the present day provides the be) Tj 273.48 0 TD -0.1283 Tc -0.6946 Tw (st analogy. Judging history by the) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -309.48 -14.16 TD -0.0102 Tc -0.2858 Tw (present reflects temporal chauvinism, the assumption that our own time is uniquely important. It is ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0307 Tc -0.6959 Tw (more prudent to take a long view of human history. The most basic lesson of that longer perspective) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (is that concerns a) Tj 82.8 0 TD -0.0139 Tc 0.0139 Tw (bout security have been the norm, not the exception.) Tj 250.68 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -337.44 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (Decision One: Making Ourselves More Detectable) Tj ET 72 253.68 243 0.6 re f BT 315 255.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -243 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0096 Tc 1.2742 Tw (This leads us to the most fundamental policy question in the Search for Extraterrestrial) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0146 Tc 1.6946 Tw (Intelligence \(SETI\): should we call attention to ourselves? The) Tj 318.6 0 TD -0.024 Tc 1.704 Tw ( choices usually discussed are) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -318.6 -14.16 TD -0.0179 Tc -0.1653 Tw (sending a message to an ETI that we detect, or broadcasting in the hope that we will be discovered ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0108 Tc 0.0108 Tw (active SETI) Tj 56.64 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw (\). ) Tj 12.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -87.96 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0605 Tc -0.6965 Tw (We are making this decision unconsciously by sending radar, radio and television signals out) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.1244 Tw (into the gala) Tj 59.4 0 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.0589 Tw (xy. The real issue is: should we make ourselves more detectable than we already are? ) Tj -59.4 -14.16 TD -0.0134 Tc -0.7066 Tw (Should we increase the power of the Earth) Tj 198.12 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0889 Tc -0.7361 Tw (s electromagnetic signature? This is the Prime Question.) Tj 262.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -468 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 11 0 obj 5396 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 10 0 R >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Length 16 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (2) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -201 633.84 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.7143 Tw (Some people involved in this debate dismiss the question. They assume) Tj 336 0 TD -0.1602 Tc -0.6498 Tw ( that we already have) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -372 -14.16 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.5655 Tw (been detected, or that detection is inevitable. These are unproven assumptions. Extraterrestrial) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.013 Tc -0.557 Tw (intelligences might see no reason to search for other civilizations if they believe theirs to be unique.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0265 Tc 1.7065 Tw (They might not be looking for) Tj 152.76 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 1.6084 Tw ( signals in the wavelengths we use; radio, radar, and television) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -152.76 -14.16 TD -0.0189 Tc -0.1011 Tw (technologies might be seen as primitive. Interstellar communication curiosity may be incident to a ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0217 Tc -0.2697 Tw (particular stage of technological advance; it might give way to other kinds of curiosity wit) Tj 426.84 0 TD -0.0165 Tc -0.1635 Tw (h further ) Tj -426.84 -14.16 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.0594 Tw (change in technology.) Tj 104.88 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw ( We can not assume the omniscience of alien intelligences. ) Tj 288.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -396.96 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0237 Tc -0.5486 Tw (More importantly from a policy perspective, our present signals may be below the detection) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0146 Tc -0.7054 Tw (threshold of a distant ETI. George Swenson has written that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 282.36 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.012 Tc -0.708 Tw (the use of) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.1336 Tc -0.7064 Tw ( radio waves as a medium for) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -334.68 -14.52 TD -0.01 Tc 0.63 Tw (making interstellar contact is discouraging. The Galaxy) Tj 269.04 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0175 Tc 0.6175 Tw (s enormous distances inevitably require) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -276.24 -14.52 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (fantastic measures) Tj 88.08 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (--) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.024 Tc -0.0087 Tw ( stunningly high transmitter power or huge antennas and impractically narrow ) Tj -96 -14.16 TD -0.01 Tc 0 Tw (beams.) Tj 33.6 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0.06 Tw (3 ) Tj 8.04 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0013 Tc -0.2413 Tw ( Seth Shostak of the SET) Tj 119.16 0 TD -0.0271 Tc -0.2629 Tw (I Institute has been quoted as saying that any civilization on the ) Tj -168 -14.52 TD -0.0325 Tc -0.3875 Tw (receiving end would need a very large antenna ) Tj 221.52 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (--) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.4993 Tw ( about the size of Manhattan) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 136.08 0 TD -0.036 Tc (--) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.006 Tc -0.594 Tw ( to pick up our radio) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -373.44 -14.16 TD -0.007 Tc -0.113 Tw (and television broadcasts.) Tj 123.24 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.18 Tw (4 ) Tj 8.28 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.025 Tc -0.1823 Tw ( Frank Drake has pointed out that our detectability may be ) Tj 279.24 0 TD -0.0164 Tc -0.1036 Tw (declining as ) Tj -410.76 -14.16 TD -0.0226 Tc 0.0226 Tw (socially driven changes in technology reduce the power of our radio and television signals.) Tj 434.16 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -438.12 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.016 Tc -0.2765 Tw (The underlying issue is whether we think the effects of contact will be positive or negative. ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0215 Tc 0.2397 Tw (The pros and cons have been discussed for years in the ) Tj 267.96 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.0908 Tw (SETI literature, with inconclusive results. ) Tj -267.96 -14.16 TD -0.0217 Tc 0.0217 Tw (Optimists see ETI as they wish aliens would be. Pessimists see ETI as they fear aliens might be. ) Tj 462.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -462.24 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0155 Tc -0.7105 Tw (The bottom line is that we do not know how an ETI might react to contact with us, nor do we) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0078 Tc 1.8078 Tw (know what its capabi) Tj 106.92 0 TD -0.0067 Tc 1.7552 Tw (lities might be. Jared Diamond, calling astronomers) Tj 262.92 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0255 Tc 1.7055 Tw ( vision of friendly) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -377.04 -14.52 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0053 Tw (relations ) Tj 43.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0051 Tc -0.7149 Tw (the best) Tj 36.24 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0582 Tc -0.6618 Tw (case scenario,) Tj 65.16 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1307 Tc -0.7093 Tw ( warns that) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 51.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1358 Tc -0.7042 Tw (those astronomers now preparing again to beam radio) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -222.24 -14.52 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.0056 Tw (signals out to hoped) Tj 96.24 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.017 Tc 0.017 Tw (for extraterrestrials are naive, even dangerous.) Tj 221.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf (6) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj -341.88 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0816 Tc 0.5616 Tw (In a re) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0.4561 Tw (mote contact scenario, the impact of contact might be mostly cultural. That impact ) Tj -67.2 -14.16 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.4133 Tw (could be positive, negative, or both. Whatever the cultural consequences of such indirect contact ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.0259 Tw (might be, we might feel insulated from physical danger by distance.) Tj 324.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -324.48 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 1.452 Tw (The po) Tj 35.04 0 TD -0.0117 Tc 1.3644 Tw (tential impact of contact changes profoundly if an extraterrestrial civilization is) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -71.04 -14.16 TD -0.0173 Tc 0.5673 Tw (capable of sending robotic spacecraft or inhabited vehicles across interstellar distances. Many of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0285 Tc 0.9405 Tw (those engaged in SETI dismiss direct contact scenarios because they rega) Tj 359.4 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.8509 Tw (rd interstellar flight as) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -359.4 -14.16 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.0559 Tw (impossible or too difficult to be worth doing. This is another unproven assumption. Ian Crawford, ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0168 Tc 1.0968 Tw (articulating a view held by others as well, has written that ) Tj 295.08 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.02 Tc 1.076 Tw (No known principle of physics or) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -302.28 -14.52 TD -0.0155 Tc 0.6155 Tw (engineering rules out interstellar ) Tj 0.612 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 165.24 0 TD -0.0207 Tc (paceflight,) Tj 50.76 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0.5469 Tw ( and that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 45.84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0077 Tc 0.4077 Tw (a program of interstellar colonization is ) Tj -276.24 -14.52 TD -0.0564 Tc 0.0564 Tw (actually quite likely.) Tj 97.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf (7) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -111.72 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0146 Tc 0.7175 Tw (We can not assume that an inhabited universe is inherently safe because of the distances) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0102 Tc 1.0022 Tw (between the stars. Our fate might depend on the ethics of others. Even if) Tj 367.08 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.9713 Tw ( there is no threat of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -367.08 -14.16 TD -0.0074 Tc -0.6566 Tw (violence, the human experience suggests that an expansion of the power of a civilization has almost) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0073 Tc 2.0987 Tw (always involved its using that power to extend its values, practices, and institutions to other) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0048 Tc (societies.) Tj 44.28 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc (8) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 16 0 obj 8226 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 15 0 R >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 19 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (3) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -201 633.84 TD -0.012 Tc -0.708 Tw (Meanwhile, the operators) Tj 120.6 0 TD -0.0168 Tc -0.7032 Tw ( of radars and radio and television stations are making the decision) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -156.6 -14.16 TD -0.0194 Tc 0.0194 Tw (for us. They are choosing the optimistic side of the argument, without a policy debate. ) Tj 415.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -415.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0178 Tc -0.4222 Tw (Our lack of knowledge about the consequences of contact with ETI suggests that we should ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.0171 Tw (observe ) Tj 39.48 0 TD -0.0244 Tc -0.6956 Tw (a precautionary principle: don) Tj 141.48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1177 Tc -0.6623 Tw (t call attention to ourselves until we learn more about the ETI ) Tj -188.16 -14.52 TD -0.0171 Tc 1.3741 Tw (we detect. In practical terms, this means not increasing the power of Earth) Tj 375.48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0195 Tc 1.3395 Tw (s electromagnetic) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -382.68 -14.52 TD -0.0221 Tc 0.0221 Tw (signature beyond its present level. ) Tj 171.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -171.96 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -14.16 TD -0.0172 Tc 0.0172 Tw (Decision Two: Information) Tj 130.92 0 TD -0.0191 Tc 0.0191 Tw ( Sharing and Access to the Signal) Tj ET 72 592.8 291.84 0.6 re f BT 363.84 594.72 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -291.84 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.1033 Tc -0.7024 Tw (SETI researchers tend to assume that the facts of a detection would become public knowledge) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0471 Tc -0.7129 Tw (quickly. Yet we know of cases in which information about discoveries has been withheld for months) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0249 Tc 0.0249 Tw (or even years. This behavior mi) Tj 151.32 0 TD -0.0187 Tc -0.0513 Tw (ght be repeated, particularly if a signal is ambiguous or difficult to ) Tj -151.32 -14.16 TD -0.0096 Tc 0 Tw (interpret.) Tj 43.56 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw (9 ) Tj 6 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 130.44 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj -144 -14.16 TD -0.0328 Tc -0.0422 Tw (If a detection is made by persons working for a government agency or under a government ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.8589 Tw (contract, officials might try to prevent, delay, or limit the release of informatio) Tj 385.68 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.8424 Tw (n, at least until a) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -385.68 -14.16 TD -0.0228 Tc -0.5622 Tw (policy discussion has taken place. They might wish to act as gatekeepers for information from ETI.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0118 Tc 0.0118 Tw (We can not assume the inevitability of a leak; some secrets still are kept.) Tj 347.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -347.88 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.006 Tc -0.354 Tw (A non) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0177 Tc -0.4223 Tw (government organization that detected ETI also might) Tj 255.84 0 TD -0.0341 Tc -0.3773 Tw ( not play by the rules followed ) Tj -325.08 -14.16 TD -0.0158 Tc 0.2699 Tw (by most SETI researchers. Such an organization might choose to withhold or limit the release of ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0446 Tc -0.7012 Tw (information to exploit contact. That organization might try to protect its monopoly by claiming legal) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0055 Tc 0.1255 Tw (rights to the information) Tj 117.24 0 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.0552 Tw (, perhaps seeking to patent its findings as other researchers have patented ) Tj -117.24 -14.16 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.0171 Tw (genes found in nature. ) Tj 109.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -109.32 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0766 Tc -0.6959 Tw (We can not assume that SETI is immune from the ancient motivations of egoism, power, and) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0171 Tc -0.0483 Tw (greed. Decisions that could affect the welfare of the human spec) Tj 309.6 0 TD -0.0202 Tc -0.0998 Tw (ies might be made by small, non) Tj 154.44 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.04 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.0114 Tw (representative elites. ) Tj 101.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -101.4 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.6969 Tw (Members of such elites might send private communications to the other civilization without) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0166 Tc -0.1634 Tw (consulting anyone else. That might mesh with the interests of a manipulative or evangelistic ETI. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0096 Tc -0.7104 Tw (Human ) Tj -0.72 Tc 0 Tw (h) Tj 43.56 0 TD -0.0183 Tc -0.7017 Tw (istory tells us that conversions often were made most effectively through elites, rather than) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -43.56 -14.16 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0157 Tw (by more general communication with populations.) Tj 241.32 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -249.24 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0104 Tc 1.4404 Tw (Similar questions apply at the international level. The detecting nation could choose to) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0265 Tc -0.4535 Tw (prevent, delay, or lim) Tj 101.04 0 TD -0.013 Tc -0.4779 Tw (it the information released to other nations, particularly if the detecting nation) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -101.04 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.5478 Tw (had unique technical capabilities needed for observation and communication. Later revelation of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.009 Tc 3.861 Tw (those decisions could provoke distrust, encouraging other nations to act inde) Tj 404.88 0 TD -0.0349 Tc 3.8749 Tw (pendently in) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -404.88 -14.16 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.0259 Tw (communicating with the detected ETI.) Tj 183.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -183.72 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.011 Tc 5.5443 Tw (The Declaration of Principles Concerning Activities Following the Detection of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.8535 Tw (Extraterrestrial Intelligence, intended to build a consensus favoring open sharing of information) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 19 0 obj 6176 endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 18 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Length 22 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (4) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -237 633.84 TD -0.0052 Tc -0.1148 Tw (about detection, is a first) Tj 117.72 0 TD -0.0304 Tc -0.0982 Tw ( step toward a policy in this area. Many SETI researchers have adhered to ) Tj -117.72 -14.16 TD -0.0115 Tc -0.5885 Tw (these principles. However, the Declaration is a non) Tj 242.64 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0126 Tc -0.6674 Tw (government document without the force of law) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -246.6 -14.16 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.0122 Tw (or regulation. Public and private institutions can ignore it if they choose to.) Tj 359.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -359.16 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.004 Tc (Thi) Tj 16.68 0 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.9691 Tw (s suggests a need for a policy decision requiring public sharing of information about) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -52.68 -14.16 TD -0.0172 Tc -0.371 Tw (detection, whether that discovery is made by a public or private organization. This implies getting ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0138 Tc 0.2272 Tw (government agencies to adopt something like the Declaration of Princ) Tj 336.72 0 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.1211 Tw (iples. It remains to be seen ) Tj -336.72 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (whether such a decision will be made in advance of contact.) Tj 287.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -287.64 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.0087 Tw (Decision 3: Managing Political Reactions) Tj ET 72 579.36 199.68 0.6 re f BT 271.68 581.28 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -199.68 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.3879 Tw (Release of the news that ETI has been detected would provoke a burst of intense public and ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0077 Tc -0.7123 Tw (media interest. Reporters and ot) Tj 149.88 0 TD -0.0784 Tc -0.707 Tw (hers would ask officials and politicians not only what they know, but) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -149.88 -14.16 TD -0.0254 Tc 0.0254 Tw (what they plan to do.) Tj 100.56 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw (11 ) Tj 9.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -113.52 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0128 Tc -0.3287 Tw (Ivan Almar and Jill Tarter have proposed a scale that could help policy) Tj 338.04 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0411 Tc -0.2589 Tw (makers by making ) Tj -378 -14.16 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.2468 Tw (an initial judgement on the detection) Tj 176.64 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0089 Tc 0.2489 Tw (s potential consequences.) Tj 121.92 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.288 Tc -0.048 Tw ( P) Tj 13.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (olicy) Tj 23.64 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.1895 Tw (makers would add their ) Tj -354.48 -14.52 TD -0.0738 Tc -0.6885 Tw (own influence by the way they handle the public affairs and political aspects of the event. They could) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0356 Tc -0.6844 Tw (play it up to extract political advantage. They could play it down, trying to minimize its importance.) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0346 Tc -0.1254 Tw (They could describe ) Tj 99 0 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.2151 Tw (contact as a positive development that will benefit the nation and humankind. ) Tj -99 -14.16 TD -0.0193 Tc 0.097 Tw (Or they could warn of the potential dangers. Legislators might pass laws that dictate how contact ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0053 Tw (should be handled.) Tj 90.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -90.24 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.2775 Tw (Politicians and officials would need to address the reactio) Tj 278.4 0 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.2434 Tw (ns of non) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0196 Tc 0.1396 Tw (governmental groups, ) Tj -363.48 -14.16 TD -0.0148 Tc -0.3586 Tw (which might react in ways intended to capitalize on or discredit this new factor. Some might argue ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0095 Tc -0.5505 Tw (that the release of certain information should be controlled or even banned to protect their interests.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0025 Tc -0.0025 Tw (Should people holding) Tj 108.6 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( public office oppose or support such policies?) Tj 223.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -332.16 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.2171 Tw (The more decipherable information we receive from an ETI, the more we should expect a ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0228 Tc -0.6972 Tw (political reaction against alien cultural influences.) Tj 234.6 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 7.68 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.12 Tc -0.72 Tw ( This situation would be ripe for exploitation and) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -242.28 -14.16 TD 0.0092 Tc 1.6708 Tw (distortion. So) Tj 66.48 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 1.586 Tw (me groups might try to provoke public anxieties for political advantage, perhaps) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -66.48 -14.16 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.5492 Tw (attributing events on Earth to alien intervention. Extreme religious and ideological groups might) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.8498 Tw (demonize the aliens, attacking information from ETI as evil or immoral. Some) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 389.28 0 TD -0.0342 Tc 0.7542 Tw (might try to end) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -389.28 -14.16 TD -0.0302 Tc 0.0302 Tw (contact by interfering with the signal or by attacking the detecting observatory. ) Tj 380.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -380.16 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.6086 Tw (Albert Harrison has written that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 158.4 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0162 Tc 0.5725 Tw (We would be foolish and negligent if we did not try to) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -201.6 -14.52 TD -0.0144 Tc 3.7344 Tw (anticipate such reactions and make careful preparations.) Tj 290.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf (14) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0216 Tc 3.7416 Tw ( Gover) Tj 43.32 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 3.6044 Tw (nment policies and the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -348.96 -14.52 TD -0.0117 Tc 0.0117 Tw (enforcement of law and regulation could limit the effects of such extreme behavior.) Tj 400.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -400.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0182 Tc 2.7413 Tw (At the international level, detecting an ETI could have a positive political effect by) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0242 Tc 0.1442 Tw (reinforcing the sense of common identity among humans by cont) Tj 312.12 0 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.0763 Tw (rast with aliens. Political leaders ) Tj -312.12 -14.16 TD -0.0205 Tc -0.6148 Tw (could try to take advantage of this event to promote greater international cooperation. In the case of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0217 Tc 0.0217 Tw (a remote detection, the unifying effects might fade as separate interests were reasserted.) Tj 422.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 22 0 obj 6905 endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 21 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Length 25 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (5) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -201 633.84 TD -0.0287 Tc 1.7087 Tw (Detection of an ETI pr) Tj 114.84 0 TD -0.0179 Tc 1.6979 Tw (esence in or near the solar system would provoke more intense) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -150.84 -14.16 TD -0.0568 Tc -0.7157 Tw (reactions. A source of intelligent signals found between stars could have the same impact, because it) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.004 Tc 0.004 Tw (would tell us that interstellar flight ) Tj 169.2 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (B) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw ( and direct contact ) Tj 91.08 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (B) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw ( are possible. ) Tj 65.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -340.56 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0142 Tc 0.3142 Tw (A perception ) Tj 66.36 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.5965 Tw (of potential threat could motivate nations to work together for the common) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -102.36 -14.16 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.4189 Tw (defense. Here again, the details of the detection would matter; a probe that had ceased functioning ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0189 Tc 1.6889 Tw (millions of years ago would be far less worrisome than an incoming spacecraft.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 404.28 0 TD -0.013 Tc 1.573 Tw (Officials and) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -404.28 -14.16 TD -0.0363 Tc 0.0363 Tw (political leaders could influence reactions by the way they treat such a discovery.) Tj 387.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -387.36 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.007 Tc 0.007 Tw (Decision 4: Who Speaks for the Earth?) Tj ET 72 579 187.32 0.6 re f BT 259.32 580.92 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -187.32 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0182 Tc 3.7566 Tw (After a detection, the desire to send communications to the ETI would be nearly) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.4007 Tw (overwhelming. Depending on the nature ) Tj 198.48 0 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.4283 Tw (of contact, policy) Tj 84 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.3182 Tw (makers might have the opportunity to ) Tj -286.44 -14.16 TD -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (make a conscious decision about sending a message.) Tj 252 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -252 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0071 Tc 1.2585 Tw (Should Humankind respond with one voice, or with many? There is no existing law or) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0009 Tw (intergovernmental agreement on this issue. Nations, groups, and i) Tj 314.16 0 TD -0.0261 Tc -0.1281 Tw (ndividuals are free to act as they ) Tj -314.16 -14.16 TD -0.0038 Tc -0.0739 Tw (wish. Principle 8 of the Declaration of Principles states that no communications should be sent to ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.6296 Tw (ETI without prior international consultations. At present, no agreed structure for such consultations) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0206 Tc -0.0206 Tw (exists. ) Tj 33.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -33.48 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 1.812 Tw (Even if ) Tj 1.824 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 44.88 0 TD -0.005 Tc 1.795 Tw (t did, we lack complete consensus on the basic principle. While most people) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -80.88 -14.16 TD -0.069 Tc -0.696 Tw (involved in this debate support the idea of a collective response, others argue that anyone with access) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.4728 Tw (to a transmitter should have the right to send separate messages. The feasib) Tj 365.64 0 TD -0.0221 Tc 0.3101 Tw (ility of their doing so ) Tj -365.64 -14.16 TD -0.0266 Tc 1.3254 Tw (depends on the scenario of contact. A very distant ETI might be far beyond the range of most) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc (transmitters.) Tj 59.64 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -59.64 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0229 Tc 0.1 Tw (Having Humankind speak with many voices may be representative of diversity, but it also ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0576 Tc -0.4704 Tw (may be bad policy. Imagine yourself) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 174 0 TD -0.0268 Tc -0.5732 Tw (in the place of an ETI that receives a barrage of messages from) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -174 -14.16 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.5246 Tw (the Earth. How could you conduct a rational dialogue with such mixed signals? Who would you) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0098 Tc -0.3742 Tw (believe, those humans who seek an exchange of scientific information, those who desire to convert ) Tj T* -0.36 Tc 0 Tw (yo) Tj 11.64 0 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.0249 Tw (u to the true faith, or those who announce their intent to exterminate you? ) Tj 355.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -367.44 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.3301 Tw (We would want to know who is at the other end of the communications channel ) Tj 380.52 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (--) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.0165 Tc -0.3035 Tw ( an entire ) Tj -424.44 -14.16 TD -0.0325 Tc -0.7008 Tw (species speaking with one voice, one of its political sub) Tj 258.48 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.1236 Tc -0.7164 Tw (units, or a smaller, non) Tj 104.16 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.146 Tc (repres) Tj 28.44 0 TD -0.1363 Tc -0.7037 Tw (entative group.) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -398.76 -14.16 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (The ETI would want to know the same things about us. ) Tj 268.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -268.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0143 Tc -0.4438 Tw (Using a preferred channel could help to establish greater mutual confidence. Policy) Tj 393.48 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (makers ) Tj -433.44 -14.16 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.0135 Tw (could seek consensus on this approach either before or after a detection.) Tj 344.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -344.4 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0037 Tc -0.0037 Tw (Decision 5: What Sh) Tj 99.72 0 TD -0.072 Tc 0.072 Tw (ould We Say?) Tj ET 72 140.04 166.92 0.6 re f BT 238.92 141.96 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -166.92 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.2278 Tw (If Humankind chooses to send a collective message, what should it say? Is our purpose to ) Tj ET endstream endobj 25 0 obj 6137 endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 24 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (6) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -237 633.84 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.4502 Tw (describe ourselves, to seek information from the ETI, to propose some course of action, or all of ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.4869 Tw (these? How would we convey our meaning to an alien c) Tj 279.6 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.3368 Tw (ulture? How would we convey intent? ) Tj -279.6 -14.16 TD -0.011 Tc -0.7261 Tw (Should we withhold some information because it is unflattering or advertises our vulnerabilities? If) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0048 Tw (some humans transmit such information, would that be treason?) Tj 306.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -306.96 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.0287 Tw (While sending and receiving scientific information mi) Tj 259.68 0 TD -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (ght be a logical first step, most non) Tj 168.36 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.04 -14.16 TD -0.05 Tc -0.6957 Tw (scientists have other priorities. They want to describe human history, cultures, religions, values, and) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.028 Tc -0.2191 Tw (ways of organizing societies, as well as policy issues our societies currently face. They want to ask ) Tj T* -0.0333 Tc 0.0333 Tw (ETI about t) Tj 54.36 0 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.0088 Tw (he same subjects. ) Tj 89.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -143.88 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.2296 Tw (Drafting a collective message could be slow and laborious. But its long) Tj 343.56 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0585 Tw (term implications ) Tj -383.52 -14.16 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.783 Tw (would be significant in ways reaching beyond a dialogue with another civilization. Building an) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0149 Tc 0.1349 Tw (international consensus on what to say would requ) Tj 242.52 0 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0748 Tw (ire nations to identify their shared interests and ) Tj -242.52 -14.16 TD -0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw (shared values. ) Tj 70.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -70.8 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0271 Tc 0.3421 Tw (The first message would be crucial. As Ashley Montagu pointed out thirty years ago, the ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0329 Tc -0.6871 Tw (manner in which we first meet an ETI may determine the character of all our subsequent relations.) Tj 460.32 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.84 0 TD (5) Tj 3.84 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -468 -14.16 TD 0.0046 Tc -0.0046 Tw ( Communication) Tj -0.019 Tc -0.701 Tw ( is not the only barrier to non) Tj 214.56 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.003 Tc (zero) Tj 20.64 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.1047 Tc -0.7153 Tw (sum interaction between civilizations. The other) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -243.12 -14.16 TD -0.008 Tc 0.008 Tw (barrier is trust.) Tj 70.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 16) Tj 9.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -83.16 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (Decision 6: Who Decides What We Should do?) Tj ET 72 423.6 229.2 0.6 re f BT 301.2 425.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -229.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0191 Tc -0.2209 Tw (There is no formal intergovernmental process for addressing the issues raised by detec) Tj 410.28 0 TD 0.0096 Tc -0.0096 Tw (tion, ) Tj -446.28 -14.16 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.9137 Tw (nor is there any existing international law that directly addresses those issues. The International) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0122 Tc -0.485 Tw (Academy of Astronautics has proposed that the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc -0.7064 Tw (Outer Space discuss a process for addressing the issue) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 255.84 0 TD -0.1399 Tc -0.7001 Tw (of sending communications to ETI.) Tj 162.48 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( ) Tj 1.44 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1335 Tc -0.7065 Tw ( The U.N.,) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -419.76 -14.16 TD -0.1144 Tc -0.6929 Tw (as the most universal intergovernmental organization, would decide whether Humankind should send) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0396 Tc 0.0396 Tw (a message, and what it would say.) Tj 162.6 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -173.52 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.019 Tc 0.619 Tw (The U.N. probably will not take action on this issue until after contact. In) Tj 358.8 0 TD -0.02 Tc 0.62 Tw ( the absence of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -394.8 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.1413 Tw (consensus on process, nations with the needed technical capabilities might act preemptively in an ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.023 Tc -0.249 Tw (uncoordinated way, sending different messages to ETI. One or more governments might be able to ) Tj T* -0.0252 Tc 0.0252 Tw (head this off by quickly proposing a coordinate) Tj 225.84 0 TD -0.0109 Tc -0.0291 Tw (d set of actions, within or outside the U.N. system.) Tj 242.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -468 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0191 Tc -0.1759 Tw (If humankind chooses to send a collective response, the best way to assure acceptance is to ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0057 Tc 1.1607 Tw (make the process as inclusive as possible, both among nations and within them, even if that is) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0138 Tc -0.1062 Tw (laborious and s) Tj 72.36 0 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.1611 Tw (low. Again, the implications of such a process would reach beyond the immediate ) Tj -72.36 -14.16 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.0075 Tw (issues of contact. ) Tj 85.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -85.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -14.16 TD -0.022 Tc 0.022 Tw (Decision 7: How Do We Manage Relations with an ETI?) Tj ET 72 154.56 273.84 0.6 re f BT 345.84 156.48 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -273.84 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0242 Tc 1.2562 Tw (If we do begin exchanging messages with an ETI, we will be entering into a long) Tj 406.08 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw (term ) Tj -446.04 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0018 Tw (relationship. ) Tj 62.64 0 TD -0.014 Tc 0.014 Tw (We will need to think beyond our immediate reaction or our first message. ) Tj 362.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj 6270 endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 27 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 32 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (7) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -201 633.84 TD -0.022 Tc 0.8534 Tw (A dialogue with an ETI will demand a continuity of purpose that human societies rarely) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0283 Tc 0.1836 Tw (attain. If the ETI we detect is hundreds or thousands of light years away, we will face long) Tj 434.64 0 TD -0.07 Tc 0.13 Tw ( delays ) Tj -434.64 -14.16 TD -0.0217 Tc -0.3833 Tw (between an outgoing message and a reply. In the interim, human cultures and politics could change ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.014 Tc 0.014 Tw (in ways that affect the dialogue or even bring its continuation into question.) Tj 362.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -362.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.72 Tw (Should Earth) Tj 63.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0113 Tc 0.7313 Tw (s nations communicate only through an international insti) Tj 280.8 0 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.7071 Tw (tution? Does the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -387.72 -14.52 TD -0.014 Tc -0.5701 Tw (United Nations provide an adequate framework, or do we need a new organization with a dedicated) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0028 Tc 1.1653 Tw (staff? This is not a minor bureaucratic issue. The communicating institution would be ) Tj 441.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.006 Tc 0.006 Tw (homo ) Tj -441.36 -14.16 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (sapiens) Tj 36 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0222 Tc 0.2472 Tw ( foreign ministry. It is there that huma) Tj 186.6 0 TD -0.0173 Tc 0.1239 Tw (n interests would be aggregated and expressed to ) Tj -229.8 -14.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 18 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.0017 Tw (humans. ) Tj 52.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -74.28 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0306 Tc 0.0306 Tw (Decision 8: Intensifying the Search) Tj ET 72 550.32 168.36 0.6 re f BT 240.36 552.24 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -168.36 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0128 Tc 1.6282 Tw (The more we know about civilizations elsewhere in the universe, the better our policy) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0039 Tc 1.8039 Tw (decisions will be. This implies improving the means of detection) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 336.24 0 TD -0.0218 Tc 1.7818 Tw (and broadening our search) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -336.24 -14.16 TD -0.0119 Tc 1.7565 Tw (strategies. We would need not only better astronomical instruments, but also spacecraft with) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0161 Tc -0.1896 Tw (enhanced abilities to search within our solar system. Those increased capabilities almost certainly ) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc 0.0164 Tw (would have benefits for science eve) Tj 171.12 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.0136 Tw (n in the absence of contact. ) Tj 136.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -307.44 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0081 Tc 1.5957 Tw (After the initial detection, we would want to gather as much additional information as) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0075 Tc -0.1725 Tw (possible about the other civilization. Policy makers would want to know the ETI) Tj 389.04 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0077 Tc -0.1523 Tw (s proximity, its ) Tj -396.24 -14.52 TD -0.0071 Tc 2.7671 Tw (technological capabilities, and its in) Tj 183.12 0 TD -0.0282 Tc 2.6832 Tw (tentions. Only its proximity would be relatively easy to) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -183.12 -14.16 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.0108 Tw (determine. ) Tj 53.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -53.88 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0082 Tc 2.6759 Tw (We also would want to know if there are additional extraterrestrial civilizations. If) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0332 Tc -0.708 Tw (interstellar flight is a reality, so is interstellar politics. Is the system multipolar, or is on) Tj 408 0 TD -0.1145 Tc -0.7255 Tw (e civilization) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -408 -14.16 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.3823 Tw (dominant? Drawing on the lessons of human history, Henry Kissinger has written that empires ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0155 Tc 1.3012 Tw (have no interest in operating within an international system; they aspire to be the international) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.048 Tc (system.) Tj 36 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc (18) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -43.92 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw (Decision 9: Expanding Human Presence ) Tj 196.68 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0016 Tw (and Capabilities) Tj ET 72 280.92 274.32 0.6 re f BT 346.32 282.84 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -274.32 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0243 Tc 0.1443 Tw (Much of the SETI literature assumes that any ETI we detect will be far more advanced in ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0274 Tc 0.3874 Tw (science and technology and that we therefore will be relatively helpless, particularly if the ETI is ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (capable of interstellar travel.) Tj 136.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -136.92 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0258 Tc 1.1058 Tw (This disparity) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj 71.16 0 TD -0.0167 Tc 1.0598 Tw (may prove to be true, but it remains unproven. Given our present search) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -107.16 -14.16 TD -0.0277 Tc 2.4157 Tw (strategies, we may be most likely to detect a radio) Tj 265.68 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0095 Tc 2.2895 Tw (noisy civilization like our own. Such a) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -269.64 -14.16 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.8932 Tw (civilization may not be thousands or millions of years ahead of us. To accept our inferio) Tj 438.48 0 TD -0.054 Tc 0.894 Tw (rity in) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -438.48 -14.16 TD -0.0214 Tc 0.0214 Tw (advance and wait for alien cargo is pre) Tj 184.92 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.0024 Tw (emptive capitulation.) Tj 101.28 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (19) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -262.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0699 Tc -0.7055 Tw (Anticipating contact could motivate us to work to reduce the disparity between ourselves and) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0238 Tc -0.6962 Tw (a more advanced technology. The greater our natural and technological resources, the mor) Tj 425.04 0 TD -0.147 Tc -0.693 Tw (e capable) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj 6300 endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 31 0 R >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 37 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (8) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -237 633.84 TD -0.0143 Tc 1.3767 Tw (our future civilization will be and the more seriously it will be taken by others. Making such) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (advances would enable our own future even in the absence of contact.) Tj 335.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -335.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0229 Tc -0.6714 Tw (A long view of the human experience should give us the necessary motivation. In) Tj 383.28 0 TD -0.0135 Tc -0.7065 Tw ( one of the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -419.28 -14.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 1.4448 Tw (classic big) Tj 51.6 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0117 Tc 1.3426 Tw (picture overviews of human history, William McNeill concluded that power either) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -55.56 -14.16 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (ingests weaker centers of power or stimulates rival centers to strengthen themselves.) Tj 404.28 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -415.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0111 Tc -0.2289 Tw (Detection of an ETI could provide an additional motivation fo) Tj 295.56 0 TD -0.0151 Tc -0.1949 Tw (r expanding human presence ) Tj -331.56 -14.16 TD -0.0314 Tc -0.7229 Tw (beyond the limits of the Earth. Astronomer T.B.H. Kuiper wrote in 1977 that ) Tj 362.76 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1447 Tc -0.6953 Tw (In order to meet them) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -369.84 -14.52 TD -0.0081 Tc 0.9906 Tw (\(other civilizations\) on a more equal level if they do exist, we should begin the colonization of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.022 Tc (space.) Tj 29.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf (21) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.72 Tw ( This would be consist) Tj 105.12 0 TD 0.0087 Tc -0.7287 Tw (ent with NASA) Tj 73.2 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc -0.7011 Tw (s present goal of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 78.84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0366 Tc -0.6834 Tw (extending life to there.) Tj 105.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1296 Tc -0.7104 Tw ( Human) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -429 -14.52 TD -0.0087 Tc 1.6973 Tw (expansion also would be consistent with our past. According to historian Felipe Fernandez) Tj 464.04 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.04 -14.16 TD -0.0174 Tc 1.415 Tw (Armesto, all history is the history of colonization, because all of us got to where we are from) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.006 Tc (so) Tj 10.68 0 TD -0.02 Tc 0.02 Tw (mewhere else.) Tj 68.4 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 22 ) Tj 12 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj -91.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0452 Tc -0.703 Tw (If there is such a thing as interstellar politics, interstellar flight will be the primary factor that) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0249 Tc -0.6951 Tw (makes a species a player. This suggests a long) Tj 214.8 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.1003 Tc -0.6997 Tw (term goal of developing the means of transport across) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -218.76 -14.16 TD -0.009 Tc -0.351 Tw (interstellar distances. Develo) Tj 140.64 0 TD -0.0163 Tc -0.3764 Tw (ping that technology would improve both our search capabilities and ) Tj -140.64 -14.16 TD -0.0272 Tc 0.0272 Tw (our credibility. ) Tj 76.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -76.92 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0123 Tc 0.0123 Tw (Decision 10: Adopting an Extraterrestrial Strategy) Tj ET 72 422.88 240.84 0.6 re f BT 312.84 424.8 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -240.84 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0173 Tc -0.2677 Tw (All this can be put in context by adopting an extraterrestrial strategy for the human species. ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.0027 Tw (The initial elements) Tj 95.28 0 TD -0.0264 Tc 0.0264 Tw ( of such an extraterrestrial strategy already exist.) Tj 232.08 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -335.28 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0673 Tc -0.7042 Tw (The first element of such a strategy is reconnaissance, the collection of information about our) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0135 Tc 2.0655 Tw (extraterrestrial environment. Astronomy and planetary exploration are the means. Within that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0204 Tc 0.0204 Tw (framework, ) Tj 58.44 0 TD -0.0212 Tc 0.0212 Tw (SETI is gathering intelligence about the civilizations that may populate our galaxy. ) Tj 403.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -461.52 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.041 Tc -0.7067 Tw (We humans will use that intelligence in formulating policies for human activities beyond the) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.7344 Tw (Earth. One set of policy decisions might concern sending communications to) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 378.96 0 TD -0.0309 Tc 0.7509 Tw (ETI, and what our) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -378.96 -14.16 TD -0.019 Tc 1.3904 Tw (messages should say. Another policy decision might be to accelerate the expansion of human) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0253 Tc 0.0253 Tw (presence and influence into the solar system and beyond. ) Tj 275.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -275.4 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0226 Tc 1.0589 Tw (The implications of adopting an extraterrestrial strategy reach far beyond the immediat) Tj 426.72 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (e ) Tj -462.72 -14.16 TD -0.0106 Tc -0.436 Tw (question of detecting ETI. Until we find other intelligent species, it will be our obligation to assure ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0116 Tc -0.2002 Tw (the survival of intelligence in the universe. Sooner or later, that will require expansion beyond the ) Tj T* -0.0351 Tc -0.6849 Tw (Earth and eventually beyond the solar system.) Tj 215.28 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3.96 0 TD (4) Tj 3.96 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1214 Tc -0.6826 Tw ( Spreading human presence would reduce the risk of) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -223.2 -14.16 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.0128 Tw (our civilization being wiped out, whether by a self) Tj 240.96 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0101 Tw (inflicted wound or a cosmic accident.) Tj 179.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -424.56 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0077 Tc -0.0973 Tw (As science fiction writer Brian Aldiss put it, ) Tj 213.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0 Tc -0.1 Tw (humankind might consider it not impossible ) Tj -256.92 -14.52 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.9711 Tw (that we should go ) Tj 0.984 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 95.04 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.9692 Tw (nto the Galaxy with the intention of becoming its consciousness.) Tj 318.12 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf 0.9 Tw ( 25) Tj 10.8 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.026 Tc 0.866 Tw ( Krafft) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -431.16 -14.52 TD -0.0162 Tc -0.0888 Tw (Ehricke offered an even grander vision in 1971: ) Tj 230.88 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0133 Tc -0.1924 Tw (the foremost significance of an interstellar flight ) Tj ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj 7235 endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 36 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Length 40 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 231 0 TD (9) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -237 633.84 TD -0.014 Tc 0.014 Tw (capability lies in the evolution of the human species as a cosmic force.) Tj 337.44 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 5.52 TD /F0 7.92 Tf (26) Tj 7.92 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj -352.56 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc (C) Tj 8.04 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (onclusion) Tj ET 72 678.12 54.72 0.6 re f BT 126.72 680.04 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -54.72 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 36 -14.16 TD -0.0896 Tc -0.7076 Tw (Possible future contact with an ETI implies a potential discontinuity in human history, a jump) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -14.16 TD -0.069 Tc -0.696 Tw (in scale. By broadcasting our presence and searching for others, we are inviting such a discontinuity.) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw ( Rather) Tj -0.0101 Tc 1.0901 Tw ( than waiting for the future to be impo) Tj 226.56 0 TD -0.0252 Tc 1.0386 Tw (sed on us, we could choose to act responsibly by) Tj 0 Tc -0.36 Tw ( ) Tj -226.56 -14.16 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.0178 Tw (planning, and acting, as best we can.) Tj 175.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -175.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 40 0 obj 1567 endobj 38 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 39 0 R >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Length 43 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 228 0 TD (10) Tj 12 0 TD ( ) Tj -240 633.84 TD -0.0264 Tc (References) Tj ET 72 706.8 53.04 0.6 re f BT 125.04 708.72 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -53.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0071 Tc -0.0129 Tw (1. Historian William R. Polk has written that fear of the foreigner has been the most fundamental ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0265 Tc 3.8665 Tw (factor in foreign affa) Tj 110.64 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 3.8098 Tw (irs throughout human history. See) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 191.16 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0014 Tc 3.7186 Tw (Neighbors and Strangers: The) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -301.8 -14.4 TD -0.003 Tc 0.003 Tw (Fundamentals of Foreign Affairs) Tj 168.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0.0184 Tw (. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997, chapter 1.) Tj 291.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -459.6 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.3062 Tw (2. Bernard Campbell, as quoted in the Minutes of the Workshop on Cultural Evolution, Center for ) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0 Tw (Ad) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.0153 Tc 0.0153 Tw (vanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, November 24) Tj 368.28 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (25, 1975.) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj -431.88 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.2943 Tw (3. George W. Swenson, Jr. ) Tj 132.36 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0462 Tc -0.4338 Tw (Intragalactically Speaking,) Tj 127.08 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.01 Tc -0.47 Tw (Scientific American) Tj 100.32 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0157 Tc -0.4643 Tw (, July, 2000, 44) Tj 72.36 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (47, ) Tj -453 -14.52 TD (47.) Tj 15 0 TD ( ) Tj -15 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (4. As quoted in C. Claiborne Ray, ) Tj 171.6 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (Q and A,) Tj 43.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0064 Tc 0.0064 Tw (The New York Times) Tj 109.56 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.006 Tc -0.006 Tw (, J) Tj 10.8 0 TD -0.0291 Tc 0.0291 Tw (uly 31, 2001, F2.) Tj 81.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -434.52 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.024 Tc -0.696 Tw (5. Frank Drake,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 78.12 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0354 Tc -0.6846 Tw (Promising New Approaches in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,) Tj 347.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1464 Tc -0.6936 Tw ( paper) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -439.92 -14.52 TD -0.0193 Tc 0.0193 Tw (delivered at the 2002 International Astronautical Congress \(IAC) Tj 307.2 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (02) Tj 12 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0327 Tc (IAA.9.1.01\)) Tj 57.96 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -385.08 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0016 Tc -0.5984 Tw (6. Jared Diamond,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 91.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0347 Tc -0.6553 Tw (To Whom It May Concern,) Tj 127.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 2.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc -0.696 Tw (New York Time) Tj 80.4 0 TD 0.0067 Tc -0.7267 Tw (s Magazine) Tj 56.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0143 Tc -0.7057 Tw (, December 5, 1999,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -373.08 -14.52 TD (68) Tj 12 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (69, 69.) Tj 33 0 TD ( ) Tj -48.96 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0334 Tc 0.1934 Tw (7. Ian Crawford, ) Tj 82.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0111 Tc 0.2511 Tw (Where Are They?,) Tj 89.04 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.25 Tw (Scientific American) Tj 101.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0227 Tc 0.2327 Tw (, July, 2000, pages 38) Tj 104.76 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.108 Tw (43, 42. As far ) Tj -399 -14.52 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.7059 Tw (back as 1966, Carl Sagan wrote that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 170.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0635 Tc -0.6805 Tw (efficient interstellar flight to the farthest reaches of our Galaxy ) Tj -177.72 -14.76 TD -0.012 Tc 1.812 Tw (is a feasible ) Tj 1.8 Tc 0 Tw (o) Tj 70.92 0 TD -0.042 Tc 1.842 Tw (bjective for humanity.) Tj 109.44 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0124 Tc 1.8124 Tw ( I.S. Shklovskii and Carl Sagan,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 166.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0072 Tc 1.7128 Tw (Intelligent Life in the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -354.36 -14.76 TD 0.0045 Tc (Universe) Tj 45.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0078 Tc 0.0078 Tw (, New York, Dell, 1966, 449. ) Tj 145.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -191.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.3389 Tw (8. Samuel P. Huntington, ) Tj 127.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0049 Tc -0.4849 Tw (The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order) Tj 309.6 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.024 Tc -0.296 Tw (, New ) Tj -437.4 -14.16 TD -0.002 Tc 0.002 Tw (York, Simon and Schuster, 1996, 91.) Tj 180.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -180.6 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.03 Tc -0.75 Tw (9. Se) Tj 25.56 0 TD -0.0399 Tc -0.7001 Tw (e the example of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were not fully published until 54 years after their) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -25.56 -14.4 TD -0.0456 Tc -0.6744 Tw (discovery. ) Tj 53.76 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0117 Tc -0.7083 Tw (Team is Ready to Publish Full Set of Dead Sea Scrolls,) Tj 257.28 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 2.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.011 Tc -0.709 Tw (New York Times) Tj 85.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0813 Tc -0.3387 Tw (, November ) Tj -412.8 -14.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (15, 2001.) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj -45 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0107 Tc 2.7707 Tw (10. For one important example, see Richard Fletcher,) Tj 280.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 2.7698 Tw (The Barbarian Conversion: From) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -286.32 -14.4 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.0093 Tw (Paganism to Christianity) Tj 127.8 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0254 Tc 0.0254 Tw (, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997.) Tj 230.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -358.68 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.015 Tc -0.595 Tw (11. For a discussion of related policy issues, see Michael A.G. Michaud,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 345 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0158 Tc -0.7042 Tw (If Contact is Made, Who) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -352.2 -14.76 TD -0.0152 Tc -0.3448 Tw (Speaks for Earth?) Tj 84.6 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 2.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0097 Tc -0.3503 Tw (Foreign Service Journal) Tj 122.4 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0137 Tc -0.3737 Tw (, Volume) Tj 44.28 0 TD -0.0067 Tc -0.4133 Tw ( 78, Number 4 \(April, 2001\), 23) Tj 150.96 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.008 Tc -0.312 Tw (27, and the ) Tj -416.04 -14.76 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0194 Tc 0.3794 Tw (SETI and Policy) Tj 79.44 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.006 Tc 0.2289 Tw ( chapter in John Billingham, et.al., eds., ) Tj 195.24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0012 Tc 0.1932 Tw (Social Implications of Detecting an ) Tj -289.08 -14.76 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (Extraterrestrial Civilization) Tj 143.4 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (. Mountain View, California, SETI Institute, 1994.) Tj 242.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -385.8 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.2376 Tw (12. Ivan Almar and Jill Tarter, ) Tj 153.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.05 Tc 0.29 Tw (The Discovery of ETI as a High) Tj 154.32 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.268 Tw (Consequence, Low) Tj 91.8 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0273 Tc -0.3327 Tw (Probability ) Tj -414.96 -14.52 TD -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Event,) Tj 30.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.021 Tc 0.7277 Tw ( paper presented at the 2000 International Astronautical Congress \(IAA) Tj 348 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (00) Tj 12 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.108 Tc (IAA) Tj 21 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.0045 Tw (9.2.01\). ) Tj -431.04 -14.52 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.7056 Tw (The factors include the class of the phenomenon \(e.g. Earth) Tj 278.4 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0397 Tc -0.6803 Tw (specific message vs. leakage radiation\),) Tj 185.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 43 0 obj 8610 endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 42 0 R >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Length 46 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 228 0 TD (11) Tj 12 0 TD ( ) Tj -240 633.84 TD -0.0365 Tc -0.6617 Tw (the type of discovery \(e.g. result of a SETI program vs. re) Tj 267.84 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0126 Tc -0.7074 Tw (evaluation of archival data\), and distance.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -271.8 -14.16 TD -0.0231 Tc -0.3269 Tw (This scheme was modified somewhat in a later paper by Ivan Amar, ) Tj 324.36 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0074 Tc -0.3926 Tw (How the Rio Scale Could Be ) Tj -331.56 -14.52 TD -0.0373 Tc 0 Tw (Improved,) Tj 49.32 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.015 Tc 0.015 Tw ( presented at the 2001 International Astronaut) Tj 222.36 0 TD -0.0345 Tc 0.0345 Tw (ical Congress \(IAA) Tj 92.76 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (01) Tj 12 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.03 Tc (IAA.9.2.03.\)) Tj 60.96 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -452.52 -14.52 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0255 Tc -0.6945 Tw (13. See, among others, Ben R. Finney,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 189 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0227 Tc -0.6973 Tw (The Impact of Contact,) Tj 108.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 2.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.123 Tc -0.717 Tw (Acta Astronautica) Tj 90.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.12 Tc -0.72 Tw (, 21) Tj 16.8 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.129 Tc -0.711 Tw (2 \(1990\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -425.88 -14.76 TD 0 Tw (117) Tj 18 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.3216 Tw (121 and Michael A.G. Michaud, ) Tj 160.32 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0096 Tc 0.3696 Tw (The Consequences of Contact,) Tj 147.48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0047 Tc 0.3553 Tw ( AIAA Student Journal) Tj 120.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj -465 -14.52 TD -0.0029 Tc -0.7171 Tw (Volume 15, Number 4 \(Winter, 1977/) Tj 180.24 0 TD -0.006 Tc -0.714 Tw (78\), 18) Tj 33.24 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.1259 Tc -0.7141 Tw (23. An expanded version of the latter appeared as) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 227.88 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (AA) Tj 14.16 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.144 Tc 0.024 Tw (A ) Tj -459.48 -14.76 TD -0.0289 Tc 2.7889 Tw (Unique Moment in Human History,) Tj 182.28 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 2.748 Tw ( in) Tj 20.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0196 Tc 2.6596 Tw ( First Contact: The Search For Extraterrestrial) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -210.36 -14.76 TD -0.0037 Tc (Intelligence,) Tj 62.28 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0258 Tc 0.0258 Tw ( Ben Bova and Byron Preiss, eds., New York, NAL Books, 1990, 243) Tj 333.96 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (261. ) Tj 27 0 TD ( ) Tj -427.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0101 Tc -0.7099 Tw (14. Albert A. 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See Richard Berendzen, editor,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 169.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0132 Tc -0.6132 Tw (Life Beyond Earth and the Mind of Man) Tj 203.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0014 Tc -0.5986 Tw (, Washington, D.C.,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -373.56 -14.16 TD -0.004 Tc 0.004 Tw (NASA, 1) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (973, 25.) Tj 39 0 TD ( ) Tj -83.64 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0037 Tw (16. Robert Wright, ) Tj 96.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.008 Tc 0 Tw (Non) Tj 21.36 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0053 Tw (Zero: The Logic of Human Destiny) Tj 179.52 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (, New York, Vintage, 2000, 170.) Tj 156.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -458.4 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.02 Tc 1.5 Tw (17. The IAA paper is entitled) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 156.48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0104 Tc 1.4504 Tw (A Decision Process for Examining the Possibility of Sending) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -163.68 -14.52 TD 0.0047 Tc 1.5553 Tw (Communications to Extraterrestrial Civilizations.) Tj 241.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0065 Tc 1.5535 Tw ( Dr. Jill Tart) Tj 68.64 0 TD -0.0096 Tc 1.4496 Tw (er made a presentation on this) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -317.4 -14.52 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0057 Tw (subject to the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space on June 8, 2000.) Tj 409.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -409.56 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0347 Tc -0.0453 Tw (18. Henry Kissinger, ) Tj 102 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0147 Tc 0 Tw (Diplomacy) Tj 55.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0148 Tc -0.1698 Tw (, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1994, 21. 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Kuiper,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.012 Tc (Man) Tj 21.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc (=) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0101 Tc -0.7099 Tw (s Place in the Universe and the) Tj 143.4 0 TD -0.0745 Tc -0.6755 Tw ( Possibility of Extraterrestrial Life,) Tj 162.12 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1464 Tc -0.6936 Tw ( paper) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -439.92 -14.52 TD -0.0162 Tc 0.0162 Tw (presented to the Sixth International Conference on the Unity of Sciences.) Tj 349.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -349.92 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0233 Tc 0.9833 Tw (22. Felipe Fernandez) Tj 102.6 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0.006 Tw (Armesto, ) Tj 48.24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.8593 Tw (Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of) Tj 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -154.8 -14.4 TD -0.018 Tc 0 Tw (Nature) Tj 35.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw (, New York, Free Press, 2001, 9.) Tj 156.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -192.48 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD 0.84 Tw (23. ) Tj 22.68 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.7309 Tw (See Michael A.G. Michaud,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 140.28 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0267 Tc 0.7467 Tw (Towards a Grand Strategy for the Species,) Tj 207 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (Earth) Tj 30 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Oriented ) Tj -422.04 -14.76 TD 0.0091 Tc 1.3109 Tw (Applications of Space Technology) Tj 177.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0056 Tc 1.257 Tw (, Volume 2, Number 3/4 \(1982\), 213) Tj 187.92 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0022 Tc 1.2023 Tw (219. A popularized) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -369.12 -14.4 TD -0.0184 Tc -0.7016 Tw (version appeared as) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 95.16 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0475 Tc -0.6725 Tw (Sharing the Grand Strategy,) Tj 131.04 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0456 Tc -0.6744 Tw ( Space World) Tj 67.44 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1234 Tc -0.7166 Tw (, Volume ) Tj -0.864 Tc 0 Tw (U) Tj 53.64 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc (8) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.1575 Tc -0.6825 Tw (248 \(Augu) Tj 49.68 0 TD -0.12 Tc -0.72 Tw (st, 1984\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -424.92 -14.52 TD 0 Tw ( 4) Tj 9 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc (9. ) Tj 12 0 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj 9477 endobj 44 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 45 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Length 49 0 R >> stream BT 72 88.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD ( ) Tj 228 0 TD (12) Tj 12 0 TD ( ) Tj -240 633.84 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.9497 Tw (24. Peter D. Ward and Donald Brownlee point out that all planets with life eventually become) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD 0.0044 Tc 2.2756 Tw (extinct. See) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 68.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0074 Tc 2.2074 Tw (Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe) Tj 335.64 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0173 Tc 2.1773 Tw (. New York,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -404.52 -14.16 TD -0.0139 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Copernicus \(Springer) Tj 102.72 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw (Verlag\), 2000, 32.) Tj 87.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -194.04 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.4 TD 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (25. Aldiss, ) Tj 54.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.022 Tc -0.022 Tw (Op. cit) Tj 37.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (, 1082. ) Tj 39 0 TD ( ) Tj -134.4 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0158 Tc 0.6558 Tw (26. Krafft A. Ehricke,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 110.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0104 Tc 0.6104 Tw (Astrogenic Environments ) Tj 130.56 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.6088 Tw ( the Effect of Stellar Spectral Classes on the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -252.24 -14.52 TD -0.036 Tc -0.564 Tw (Evolutionary Pace of Life,) Tj 124.68 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0097 Tc -0.5903 Tw ( North American Rockwell Space Division paper 71) Tj 246.36 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.5957 Tw (716, 32. Michaud) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -382.2 -14.76 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.7169 Tw (examined related issues in) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 126.36 0 TD /F2 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.016 Tc -0.704 Tw (Spaceflight, Colonization) Tj 121.56 0 TD -0.1504 Tc -0.6896 Tw (, and Independence: A Synthesis,) Tj 152.4 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (@) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.1027 Tc -0.7373 Tw ( Journal of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -414.6 -14.76 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.0039 Tw (the British Interplanetary Society) Tj 172.2 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (, Volume 30, Number 3 \(March, 1977\), 83) Tj 207 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.011 Tc 0.011 Tw (95 \(Part One\);) Tj 68.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -451.68 -14.16 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.7169 Tw (Volume 30, Number 6 \(June, 1977\), 203) Tj 190.56 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.073 Tc -0.692 Tw (212 \(Part Two\); Volume 30, Number 9\(September, 1977\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.12 Tw ( ) Tj -194.52 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (323) Tj 18 0 TD -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (331 \(Part Three\).) 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URL: http://www.setileague.org/iaaseti/decision.pdf

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