'n Stilrolprent is 'n film sonder gesinchroniseerde opgeneemde klank (of meer algemeen, geen hoorbare dialoog). Alhoewel stilfilms narratief en emosie visueel oordra, kan verskeie intrige-elemente (soos 'n omgewing of era) of sleutellyne van dialoog, wanneer nodig, oorgedra word deur die gebruik van tussentitelkaarte.
Die term "stilrolprent " is ietwat van 'n verkeerde benaming, aangesien hierdie rolprente byna altyd met lewendige klanke vergesel is. Gedurende die stille era, wat vanaf die middel 1890's tot die laat 1920's bestaan het, sou 'n pianis, teaterorrelis – of selfs, in groter stede, 'n orkes – musiek speel om die rolprente te begelei. Pianiste en orreliste speel óf van bladmusiek, óf gebruik improvisasie. Soms het 'n persoon selfs die tussentitelkaarte vir die gehoor voorgelees. Alhoewel die tegnologie om klank met die film te sinchroniseer nie destyds bestaan het nie, is musiek as 'n noodsaaklike deel van die kykervaring beskou.
"stilrolprent" word tipies as 'n historiese term gebruik om 'n era van film te beskryf voor die uitvinding van gesinchroniseerde klank, maar dit is ook van toepassing op sulke klankera films soos City Lights, Modern Times en Silent Movie wat begelei word deur 'n slegs-musiekklankbaan in die plek van 'n dialoog.
Bronnelys
[wysig | wysig bron]- Bromberg, Serge, Lang, Eric (directors) (2012). The Extraordinary Voyage (DVD). MKS/Steamboat Films.
- Brownlow, Kevin (1968a). The Parade's Gone By... New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Brownlow, Kevin (1968b). The People on the Brook. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Cook, David A. (1990). A History of Narrative Film (2nduitg.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-95553-8.
- Current, Richard Nelson; Current, Marcia Ewing (1997). Loie Fuller: Goddess of Light. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN978-1-55553-309-0.
- Eyman, Scott (1997). The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-684-81162-8.
- Kaes, Anton (1990). "Silent Cinema". Monatshefte. 82 (3): 246–256. ISSN1934-2810. JSTOR30155279.
- Kobel, Peter (2007). Silent Movies: The Birth of Film and the Triumph of Movie Culture (1stuitg.). New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN978-0-316-11791-3.
- Kula, Sam (1979). "Rescued from the Permafrost: The Dawson Collection of Motion Pictures". Archivaria (8). Association of Canadian Archivists: 141–148. ISSN1923-6409. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Oktober 2014. Besoek op 7 Maart 2014.
- Lewis, John (2008). American Film: A History (1stuitg.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-97922-0.
- Marks, Martin Miller (1997). Music and the Silent Film: Contexts and Case Studies, 1895–1924. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-506891-7.
- Morrison, Bill (2016). Dawson City: Frozen Time. KinoLorber.
- Musser, Charles (1990). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- Parkinson, David (1996). History of Film. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-20277-7.
- Read, Paul; Meyer, Mark-Paul, reds. (2000). Restoration of Motion Picture Film. Conservation and Museology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-7506-2793-1.
- Slide, Anthony (2000). Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN978-0-7864-0836-8.
- Standish, Isolde (2006). A New History of Japanese Cinema: A Century of Narrative Film. New York: Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-1790-9.
- Thompson, Frank T. (1996). Lost Films: Important Movies That Disappeared. New York: Carol Publishing. ISBN978-0-8065-1604-2.
- Brownlow, Kevin (1980). Hollywood: The Pioneers. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0-394-50851-1.
- Corne, Jonah (2011). "Gods and Nobodies: Extras, the October Jubilee, and Von Sternberg's The Last Command". Film International. 9 (6). ISSN1651-6826.
- Davis, Lon (2008). Silent Lives. Albany, New York: BearManor Media. ISBN978-1-59393-124-7.
- Everson, William K. (1978). American Silent Film. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-502348-0.
- Mallozzi, Vincent M. (14 Februarie 2009). "Note by Note, He Keeps the Silent-Film Era Alive". The New York Times. p.A35. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Januarie 2015. Besoek op 11 September 2013.
- Stevenson, Diane (2011). "Three Versions of Stella Dallas". Film International. 9 (6). ISSN1651-6826.
- Toles, George (2011). "Cocoon of Fire: Awakening to Love in Murnau's Sunrise". Film International. 9 (6). ISSN1651-6826.
- Usai, Paolo Cherchi (2000). Silent Cinema: An Introduction (2nduitg.). London: British Film Institute. ISBN978-0-85170-745-7.
Eksterne skakels
[wysig | wysig bron]- 👁 Wikimedia Commons logo
Wikimedia Commons het meer media in die kategorie Stilrolprent. - The Internet Archive's Silent Film Archive
- Silents, Please!: Interesting Avenues in Silent Film History
