Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations

• Adam, W. 1957. Mollusques quaternaires de la région du lac Edouard.Exploration du Parc National Albert (Fasc. 3). Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

  Google Scholar 

• Adamson, D., Clark, J., D. and Williams, M. A. J. 1974. Barbed bone points from Central Sudan and the age of the ‘Early Khartoum’ tradition.Nature 249:120–3.

  Google Scholar 

• Barthelme, J. W. 1977. Holocene sites northeast of Lake Turkana: a preliminary report.Azania 12:33–41.

  Google Scholar 

• Barthelme, J. W. 1985.Fisher-Hunters and Neolithic Pastoralists in East Turkana, Kenya. Oxford: B.A.R. International Series 254.

  Google Scholar 

• Beadle, L. C. 1981.The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa, second edition. London: Longman.

  Google Scholar 

• Butzer, K. W. 1971.Recent History of an Ethiopian Delta. Chicago: University of Chicago (Department of Geography Research Paper 136).

  Google Scholar 

• Butzer, K. W. 1980 The Holocene lake plain of north Rudolf, East Africa.Physical Geography 1:42–58.

  Google Scholar 

• Butzer, K. W., Isaac, G. Ll., Richardson, J. L. and Washbourn-Kamau, C. 1972. Radiocarbon dating of East African lake levels,Science 175:1069–76.

  Google Scholar 

• Clark, J. D. 1984. Prehistoric cultural continuity and economic change in the central Sudan in the early Holocene. InFrom Hunters to Farmers: the causes and consequences of food production in Africa (eds. J. D. Clark and S. A. Brandt): pp. 113–26. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Damas, H. 1940. Observations sur des couches fossilifères bordant la Semliki.Revue Zoologique et Botanique Africaine 33:265–72.

  Google Scholar 

• Greenwood, P. H. 1959. Quaternary fish fossils.Exploration du Parc National Albert (Fasc. 4, 1). Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

  Google Scholar 

• Greenwood, P. H. and Howes, G. J. 1975. Neogene fish fossils from the Lake Albert-Lake Edward Rift (Zaïre).Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 26:72–127.

  Google Scholar 

• Hare, P. E., 1980, Organic geochemistry of bone and its relation to the survival of bone in the natural environment. InFossils in the Making: vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology (eds. A. K. Behrensmeyer and A. P. Hill): pp. 208–19. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hare, P. E., Brooks, A. S., Helgren, D. H., Kokis, J. and Kuman, K. 1984. The use of ostrich eggshell in dating the Middle Stone Age at ≠ Gi.Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs.

• de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J. 1955. Le fossé tectonique sous le parallèle d'Ishango.Exploration du Parc National Albert (Fasc. 1). Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

  Google Scholar 

• de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J. 1957. Les fouilles d'Ishango.Exploration du Parc National Albert (Fasc. 2). Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

  Google Scholar 

• de Heinzelin, J. 1962. Ishango.Scientific American 26:105–16.

  Google Scholar 

• Helgren, D. H. in press. Investigating geoarchaeology and changing late Cenozoic environments in the Albertine rift near Ishango, Zaïre.Revue Leopard.

• Helgren, D. H. and Brooks, A. S. 1983. Geoarchaeology at Gi, a Middle Stone Age site in the northwest Kalahari.Journal of Archaeological Science 10:181–97.

  Google Scholar 

• Hopwood, A. T. and Misonne, X., 1959. Mammifères fossiles.Exploration du Parc National Albert (Fasc. 4, 3). Brussels: Institute des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

  Google Scholar 

• Lepersonne, J. 1949. Le fossé tectonique du Lac Albert-Semliki-Lac Edouard,Annales de la Société Géologique Belge 72:1–92.

  Google Scholar 

• Lepersonne, J. 1974.Carte Géologique du Zaïre. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.

  Google Scholar 

• Livingstone, D. A. 1975. Late Quaternary climatic change in Africa.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:249–80.

  Google Scholar 

• de Maret, P., van Noten, F. and Cahen, D. 1977. Radiocarbon dates from west-central Africa: a synthesis.Journal of African History 28:481–505.

  Google Scholar 

• van Noten, F. 1977. Excavations at Matupi Cave.Antiquity 51:35–40.

  Google Scholar 

• van Noten, F. 1982.The Archaeology of Central Africa. Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt.

  Google Scholar 

• Oakley, K. P. 1961. A bone harpon from Gamble's Cave, Kenya.Antiquaries Journal 41:86–7.

  Google Scholar 

• Petit-Maire, N., Celles, J. C., Commelin, D., Delibrias, G. and Raimbault, M. 1983. The Sahara in northern Mali: man and his environment between 10,000 and 3500 years bp.The African Archaeological Review 1:105–26.

  Google Scholar 

• Phillipson, D. W. 1977. Lowasera.Azania 12:1–32.

  Google Scholar 

• Phillipson, D. W. 1985.African Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Rightmire, G. P. 1975. Problems in the study of later Pleistocene man in Africa.American Anthropologist 77:18–52.

  Google Scholar 

• Robbins, L. H. 1972. Archaeology in Turkana District, Kenya.Science 176:359–66.

  Google Scholar 

• Robbins, L. H. 1974.The Lothagam Site: a Late Stone Age fishing and pastoralist settlement in the Lake Rudolf basin, Kenya. East Lansing: Michigan State University Museum (Anthropological Series 1, 2).

  Google Scholar 

• Stoffers, P. and Hecky, R. E. 1978. Late Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of the Kivu-Tanganyika basin. InModern and Ancient Lake Sediments (eds. A. Matter and M. E. Tucker): pp. 43–54. Oxford: Blackwell.

  Google Scholar 

• Sutton, J. E. G. 1974. The aquatic civilization of middle Africa.Journal of African History 15:527–46.

  Google Scholar 

• Sutton, J. E. G. 1977. The African aqualithic.Antiquity 51:25–34.

  Google Scholar 

• Sutton, J. E. G. 1979. Aquatic reflections. InProceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress on Prehistory and Quaternary Studies (eds. R. E. F. Leakey and B. Ogot): pp. 321–2. Nairobi: TILLMIAP.

  Google Scholar 

• Sutton, J. E. G. 1981. The prehistory of East Africa. InGeneral History of Africa, 1 (ed. J. Ki-Zerbo): pp. 452–84. Paris: UNESCO.

  Google Scholar 

• Volman, T. P. 1978. Early archaeological evidence for shellfish collecting.Science 201:911–13.

  Google Scholar 

• Volman, T. P. 1984. Early prehistory of southern Africa. InSouthern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments (ed. R. G. Klein): pp. 169–220. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.

  Google Scholar 

Download references