Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɮ⟩ in IPA
Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative ɮ̠ Audio sample
A voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages .
👁 Image Former style of the IPA letter for a voiced alveolar lateral fricative
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental , alveolar , and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ⟨ɮ ⟩, sometimes referred to as lezh .
In 1938 , a symbol shaped similarly to heng ⟨ꜧ ⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨ɮ ⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version, ⟨👁 Image ⟩ , that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨ɮ ⟩ at the 1989 Kiel Convention .[ 1] Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨ɮ ⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
There are several Unicode characters based on lezh (ɮ):
U+1079E 𐞞 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH is a superscript IPA letter [ 7]
U+1079F 𐞟 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is a superscript IPA letter[ 7]
U+1DF05 𝼅 LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[ 7] [ 8]
Features of a voiced alveolar lateral fricative:
Its manner of articulation is fricative , which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence .
Its place of articulation is alveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge , termed respectively apical and laminal .
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a lateral consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
Dental or denti-alveolar [ edit ]
Language
Word
IPA
Meaning
Notes
Amis [ 9]
Kangko
ada
[ʔaɮ̟aʔ]
'enemy'
May be realized as denti-alveolar [ɮ̟] or interdental [ɮ̪͆] . Corresponds to [ð̪] in the Fengpin dialect.
Voiced lateral-median fricative [ edit ]
Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative ʫ ð̠ˡ Audio sample
Voiced dental lateral–median fricative ʫ̪ ðˡ
The voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Its manner of articulation is fricative , which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence . However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
Its place of articulation is alveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge , termed respectively apical and laminal .
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
It is a lateral consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
^ Wells, John (3 November 2006). "The symbol ɮ " . John Wells’s phonetic blog . Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018 .
^ Newman, Paul (1964). "A word list of Tera" . Journal of West African Languages . 1 (2): 33– 50.
^ Catford, J. C. ; Ladefoged, Peter (1968). Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises . University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018 .
^ Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970). Introduction to Phonetics . Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-521-21100-X .
^ Ladefoged, Peter (1971). Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics . University of Chicago Press. p. 54 . ISBN 0-226-46787-2 .
^ MacKay, Ian (1987). Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production (2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p. 106 . ISBN 0-316-54238-5 .
^ a b c Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (11 July 2020). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2022 .
^ Anderson, Deborah (7 December 2020). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2022 .
^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF) . Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45– 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2025 .
^ a b Grønnum (2005) , pp. 154–155.
^ Friesen (2017) , p. 49.
^ Tench (2007) , p. 228.
^ Poulos & Msimang (1998) , p. 548.
^ Heselwood, Barry (2013). "Phonetic Notation". Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice . Cambridge University Press. pp. 122– 123. ISBN 978-0-7486-9101-2 .
^ a b Watson, Janet (2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri" . Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies . Vol. 41. Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 425-432. ISBN 978-1-905739-40-0 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024 .
^ Watson, Janet (2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-447-06926-7 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024 . {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link )
Friesen, Isaac (2017), A grammar of Moloko (1st ed.), Language Science Press
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Poulos, George ; Msimang, Christian T. (1998), A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu (1st ed.), Via Afrika
Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 37 (1): 228– 234, doi :10.1017/s0025100307002952
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