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European Green Party | |
|---|---|
| 👁 Image | |
| Abbreviation | European Greens EGP |
| President | |
| Secretary-General | Benedetta De Marte (IT) |
| Founded | 21 February 2004; 22 years ago (2004-02-21) |
| Preceded by | European Federation of Green Parties |
| Headquarters | Rue du Taciturne 34, 1000 Brussels, Belgium |
| Think tank | Green European Foundation |
| Youth wing | Federation of Young European Greens |
| Membership (22 December 2025) | 11 |
| Ideology | Green politics[1] Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-left to left-wing |
| European Parliament group | Greens–European Free Alliance |
| International affiliation | Global Greens |
| Colours | Green |
| European Parliament | 50 / 720 |
| European Commission | 0 / 27 |
| European Council | 0 / 27 |
| European Lower Houses | 257 / 6,217 |
| European Upper Houses | 50 / 1,458 |
| Website | |
| europeangreens.eu | |
The European Green Party (EGP), also referred to as European Greens, is a European political party composed of national parties from across Europe who share Green values.
The European Greens works closely with the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European Parliament which is formed by elected Green party members along with the European Free Alliance, European Pirate Party and Volt Europa. The European Greens' partners include its youth wing the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG), the Green European Foundation (GEF) and the Global Greens family.
Green parties participate in the government of one country in Europe: Spain (Catalunya en Comú/Sumar). They also externally support the government in Poland (Zieloni/Civic Coalition).
Ideology and positions
[edit]The European Greens have committed themselves to the basic tenets of Green politics as seen across Western Europe, namely environmental responsibility, climate action, individual freedom, inclusive democracy, diversity, social justice, gender equality, global sustainable development and non-violence.[2][3]
The European Greens was the first party to form out of various national movements to become a European entity, committed to the integration of Europe.[4][5] The party aims to amplify the views of member parties by having common policy positions, mutual election manifestos, and cohesive European election campaigns. The European Greens also has networks which brings Green politicians together, such as the Local Councillors Network.[6][7]
Charter
[edit]According to its charter,[8] the European Greens is working towards a just and sustainable transition towards societies "respectful of human rights and built upon the values of environmental responsibility, freedom, justice, diversity and non-violence". The charter's guiding principles provide a framework for the political actions taken by member parties.
The priorities outlined in the charter include protecting human health and wellbeing, maintaining biological diversity, combatting global warming, transitioning to a just and sustainable economy, strengthening inclusive democracies, safeguarding diversity, and ensuring social justice.
History
[edit]Green politics in Europe emerged from several grassroots political movements, including the peace movements, the ecology movement and movements for women's rights.[9]
The anti-nuclear movement in Germany first had political expression as Vereinigung Die Grünen, which formed in March 1979, and established itself as a party for the European Parliament in January 1980.[10][11][12] Similarly, activists in Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament had formed the Ecology Party in 1975.[13][14][15] However, it also brought in ecological movements, which had become active across Western European nations in the 1970s.[2][16] Environmental groups became especially political after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, which strengthened groups such as the Italian Green Party.[17] In the Netherlands, feminists dominated GroenLinks party.[9] Elements of all these national parties would go on to form the European Green Party.
Representatives from these and other parties sat in the European Parliament after the 1984 European Parliament election.[18] The following 11 members of this grouping, which was briefly known as the Rainbow Group, came from parties which went on to be part of the European Greens:[18]
- 1 Agalev MEP and 1 Ecolo MEP from Belgium
- 1 Pacifist Socialist MEP and 1 Radicals MEP from the Netherlands
- 7 Grünen MEPs from Germany
The European Green Party itself was officially founded at the 4th Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties on 20–22 February 2004 in Rome.[19] At the convention, 32 Green parties from across Europe joined this new pan-European party.[6][20] As such, the European Greens became a trans-national party, and the very first European political party.[21][20]
In the 2004 European Parliament election, member parties won 35 Seats and the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 43 in total.[22]
In the 2009 European Parliament election, even though the European Parliament was reduced in size, the European Greens' member parties won 46 seats, the best result of the Green Parties in 30 years. The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 55 seats in total.[23]
In the 2014 European Parliament election, the Green candidates were José Bové and Ska Keller. These elections marked the first time there were primaries including Spitzenkandidaten at the European elections, which allows Europeans to not only vote for who should represent them in the European Parliament, but also help to decide who should lead the European Commission. In May they presented a common programme including the Green New Deal at the launch of the European Greens' campaign which called for "a new direction of economic policy aimed at reducing our carbon footprint and improving our quality of life". The slogan of the campaign was 'Change Europe, vote Green'.[24] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 50 seats in total.[25]
The candidates for the 2019 European Parliament election were Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout, who campaigned for climate protection, a social Europe, more democracy and stronger rule of law.[26] That year, the Greens made the strongest ever showing across Europe,[26] in part due to rising public awareness about climate change[27] and the impact of youth movements for climate. The strongest surge was in Germany as Alliance 90/The Greens replaced the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany as the second-strongest party.[28] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 74 seats in total.[29] The Greens' results signified a new balance of power[30] as the European People's Party (EPP) and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) lost their majority.
By 2023, The Economist analysed that "the policies espoused by environmentalists sit squarely at the centre of today's political agenda".[31]
Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout were elected by the European Greens to be lead candidates for the 2024 European Parliament election. The campaign ran under the slogan "Choose Courage".[32] They were elected by more than 300 delegates at an Extended Congress in Lyon, France in February 2024. The campaign is focused on a Green and Social Deal, and the fight against the rise of the far right in Europe.
At the 2024 Maastricht Debate, organised by Politico and the University of Maastricht, European Green top candidate Bas Eickhout asked directly to Ursula von der Leyen, top candidate of the European People's Party, what her position was towards the far right in Europe, European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) and Identity and Democracy. Von der Leyen told the audience that a collaboration with the ECR "depends very much on how the composition of the Parliament is, and who is in what group."[33]
Numerous analyses in European quality media consider this as a win for the Greens[34] and the turning point of the 2024 election campaign.[35] The European Greens criticised heavily that von der Leyen, as incumbent president of the European Commission and lead candidate for the EPP, opened the door to collaboration with the far right.
On 1 November 2024, during the 2024 United States presidential election, the released a statement, signed by representatives from 16 European countries, asking Green candidate Jill Stein to drop out of the presidential election and endorse Kamala Harris, arguing that "Harris is the only candidate who can block Donald Trump and his anti-democratic, authoritarian policies."[36][37] Stein's team said it was disappointed that "one group of Greens [would] tell another to stop participating in democracy" and that it "would never betray our legion of supporters – and the many supporters who have already cast votes – by abandoning our mission now".[36]
Organisational structure
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The European Green Party is a European political party, constituted out of political parties from European countries. Parties can also become associate members. Members of the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament not belonging to a member party can be admitted as a special member with speaking rights but no vote.
The governing bodies of the EGP are the Council and the Committee.[38]
- The Council takes place twice a year and is the main decision-making body of the European Greens and consists of delegates of member parties. During Councils, delegates from European Greens parties set a common political direction, linked to the development of the European project and its values. They do so by debating and vote on resolutions on key issues in Europe. Delegates are allotted based on their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates. consists of delegates of member parties. These are allotted on the basis of their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates.[39]
- The Committee consists of thirteen members, including two Co-Chairs (one man and one woman), a Secretary General a Treasurer and a representative from FYEG. They are responsible for daily political affairs, execution of the Council's decisions and the activities of the EGP office and staff. Co-Chairs Ciarán Cuffe and Vula Tsetsi, Secretary General Benedetta De Marte, Treasurer Marc Gimenez, Christina Kessler from FYEG and Committee Members Rasmus Nordqvist, Sibylle Steffan, Marina Verronneau, Marieke van Doorninck, Jelena Miloš, Elīna Pinto, Rui Tavares, and Joanna Kamińska were elected at the 39th European Green Party in Dublin, Eire.[40] The EGP has had several Co-Chairs.
Co-chairs of the European Greens
[edit]
- The Congress is an enlarged meeting of the Council which is convened by the Council at least once every 5 years and hosts more delegates.
Networks
[edit]The EGP hosts a collection of networks that have specific special interest focus, including:[41]
- Balkan Network
- Mediterranean Network
- Gender Network
- European Queer Greens
- Local Councillors Networks
- European Green Disability Network
- European Network of Green Seniors
Partnerships
[edit]- Federation of Young European Greens
- Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament
- Global Greens
- Green European Foundation
Membership
[edit]This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024) |
Full members
[edit]
Associate members
[edit]| Country | Name | MEPs | National MPs | Government status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijan Green Party | Not in EU | 0 / 125 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Croatia |
Green Alternative – Sustainable Development of Croatia | 0 / 11 |
0 / 151 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Finland |
👁 Image Åland |
Sustainable Initiative | 0 / 13 |
0 / 1 [l] |
Extra-parliamentary |
| 👁 Image Hungary |
Dialogue – The Greens' Party | 0 / 21 |
0 / 199 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Portugal |
People-Animals-Nature | 0 / 21 |
1 / 230 |
Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Russia |
Union of Greens of Russia | Not in EU | 0 / 450 |
Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Spain |
👁 Image Catalonia |
Catalunya en Comú | 1 / 59 [m] |
5 / 48 [g] |
Government |
Former members
[edit]| Country | Year left | Name | MEPs (current) | National MPs (current) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Belarus |
2023 | Belarusian Green Party | n/a – defunct | ||
| 👁 Image Denmark |
2012 | De Grønne | n/a – defunct | ||
| 👁 Image Greece |
2025 | Ecologist Greens | 0 / 21 |
0 / 300 |
|
| 👁 Image Hungary |
2015 | Green Left | n/a – defunct | ||
| 2024 | LMP – Hungary's Green Party | 0 / 21 |
5 / 199
| ||
| 👁 Image Latvia |
2019 | Latvian Green Party | – | 4 / 100
| |
| 👁 Image Netherlands |
2017 | The Greens | – | ||
| 👁 Image Slovenia |
2024 | Youth Party – European Greens | – | ||
| 👁 Image Russia |
2016[n] | Green Alternative | Not in EU | ||
| 👁 Image Spain |
2012 | Confederation of the Greens | – | ||
| 👁 Image Turkey |
Green Left Party | Not in EU | 0 / 600
| ||
| Sources[42] | |||||
Individual members
[edit]The EGP also includes a number of individual members, although, as most other European parties, it has not sought to develop mass individual membership.[43]
Below is the evolution of individual membership of the EGP since 2019.[44]
Funding
[edit]As a registered European political party, the EGP is entitled to European public funding, which it has received continuously since 2004.[45]
Below is the evolution of European public funding received by the EGP.
In line with the Regulation on European political parties and European political foundations, the EGP also raises private funds to co-finance its activities. As of 2025, European parties must raise at least 10% of their reimbursable expenditure from private sources, while the rest can be covered using European public funding.[o]
Below is the evolution of contributions and donations received by the EGP.[46][47][p]
Electoral standing and political representation
[edit]This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) |
The table below shows the results of the Greens in each election to the European Parliament, in terms of seats and votes. It also shows how many European Commissioners the European Greens have, and who led the parliamentary group. It also lists how the Green parliamentary group and supra-national organisations was named and what European parliamentary group they joined.[48]
| Year | MEPs | MEPs % | Votes % | EC | Leaders | EP Subgroup | EP group | Organization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | 0 | none | none | none | Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties |
| 1984 | 11 | 2.5% | 4.2% | 0 | Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (1984–86) Bram van der Lek (1984–86) Brigitte Heinrich (1986) François Roelants du Vivier (1986) Frank Schwalba-Hoth (1986–87) Paul Staes (1987–88) Wilfried Telkämper (1987–89) |
Green Alternative European Link | Rainbow Group | European Green Coordination |
| 1989 | 25 | 4.8% | 7.4% | 0 | Maria Amelia Santos (1989–90) Alexander Langer (1990) Adelaide Aglietta (1990–94) Paul Lannoye (1990–94) |
Green Group in the European Parliament | European Green Coordination | |
| 1994 | 21 | 3.7% | 7.4% | 0 | Claudia Roth (1994–98), Alexander Langer (1994–95), Magda Aelvoet (1997–99) |
Green Group in the European Parliament | European Federation of Green Parties | |
| 1999 | 38 | 6.1% | 7.7% | 1[q] | Heidi Hautala (1999–2002), Paul Lannoye (1999–2002), Monica Frassoni (2002–04), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2002–04) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Federation of Green Parties |
| 2004 | 35 | 4.8% | 7.3% | 0 | Monica Frassoni (2004–09), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2004–09) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
| 2009 | 48[r] | 6.2% | 7.3% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2009–14), Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2009–14) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
| 2014 | 50[49][s] | 6.7% | 7.3% | 0 | Rebecca Harms (2014–2016), Ska Keller (2017–2019), Philippe Lamberts (2014–2019) |
European Greens | Greens–European Free Alliance | European Green Party |
| 2019 | 67 | 11.4% | 10.0% | 0 | Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout | European Greens | Greens-EFA | European Green Party |
| 2024 | 55 | 7.6% | 7.4% | 0 | Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout | European Greens | Greens-EFA | European Green Party |
Current electoral standing
[edit]| Country | Name | Votes | Total | Last EU election | Votes | Total | Last national election |
Government status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Austria |
The Greens – The Green Alternative | 532,193 | 3,834,662 | 14.1% | 664,055 | 4,835,469 | 13.9% | Government | |
| 👁 Image Belgium |
👁 Image Flemish |
Groen | 525,908 | 6,732,157 | 7.8% | 413,836 | 6,780,538 | 6.1% | Government |
| 👁 Image French 👁 Image German |
Ecolo | 492,330 | 7.2% | 416,452 | 6.1% | Government | |||
| 👁 Image Bulgaria |
The Greens | EPP | 2,015,320 | 6.1%[t] | EPP | 2,658,548 | 6.3%[t] | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Croatia |
We Can! | 44,670 | 764,089 | 5.9% | 193,051 | 2,180,411 | 9.1% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Cyprus |
Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation | 9,232 | 280,935 | 3.3%[u] | 15,762 | 357,712 | 4.4% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Czech Republic |
Green Party | 0 | 2,370,765 | did not compete | 53,343 | 5,375,090 | 1.0% | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Denmark |
Socialist People's Party | 364,895 | 2.758.855 | 13.2% | 413,306 | 3,614,272 | 11,6% | Confidence and supply | |
| 👁 Image Estonia |
Estonian Greens | 5,824 | 332,104 | 1.8% | 10,226 | 561,131 | 1.8% | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Finland |
Green League | 292,892 | 1,830,045 | 16.0% | 354,194 | 3,081,916 | 11.5% | Government | |
| 👁 Image France |
Europe Ecology – The Greens | 3,055,023 | 22,654,164 | 13.5% | 973,527 | 22,655,174 | 4.3% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Germany |
Alliance 90/The Greens | 7,677,071 | 37,396,889 | 20.5% | 6,852,206 | 46,442,023 | 14.8% | Government | |
| 👁 Image Greece |
Ecologist Greens | 49,099 | 5,656,122 | 0.9% | 0 | 5,769,542 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Hungary |
LMP – Hungary's Green Party | 75,498 | 3,470,257 | 2.2% | 404,429 | 5,732,283 | 7.1% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Ireland |
Green Party[v] | 93,575 | 1,745,230 | 5.4% | 66,911 | 2,202,454 | 3.0% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Italy |
Green Europe | 621,492 | 26,783,732 | 2.3% | 1.071.663 | 29,172,085 | 3.6% | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image South Tyrol |
Extra-parliamentary | ||||||||
| 👁 Image Luxembourg |
The Greens | 39.535 | 217,086 | 18.9% | 32.177 | 216,177 | 15.1% | Government | |
| 👁 Image Malta |
AD+PD | 7,142 | 260,212 | did not compete | 0 | 310,665 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Netherlands |
GroenLinks | 599,283 | 5,497,813 | 10.9% | 1.643.073 | 10,432,726 | 15.75%[w] | TBD (Election) | |
| 👁 Image Poland |
The Greens | EPP | 13,647,311 | 38.5%[x] | EPP | 18,470,710 | 27.4%[y] | Opposition | |
| 👁 Image Portugal |
Ecologist Party "The Greens" | LEFT | 3,314,414 | 6.9%[z] | LEFT | 5,340,890 | 6.3%[z] | Opposition | |
| LIVRE | 60,575 | 3,084,505 | 1.8%[50][circular reference] | 5,417,715 | 71,232 | 1.3%[51][circular reference] | |||
| 👁 Image Romania |
Green Party | 0 | 9,069,822 | did not compete | 23,085 | 5,908,331 | 0.4% | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Slovenia |
Youth Party – European Greens | 0 | 482,075 | did not compete | 0 | 891,097 | did not compete | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 👁 Image Spain |
Equo | 0 | 22,426,066 | did not compete | 582,306 | 24,258,228 | 2.4% | Confidence and supply | |
| 👁 Image Catalonia |
Esquerra Verda[aa] | LEFT | Run with UP[ab] | 0 | did not compete | Government | |||
| Catalunya en Comú | LEFT | Run with UP[ab] | LEFT | Run with UP | Government | ||||
| 👁 Image Sweden |
Green Party | 478,258 | 4,151,470 | 11.5% | 285,899 | 6,535,271 | 4.4% | Government | |
| European Greens | 15,061,100 | 177,624,368 | 8.48% | 12,240,131 | 214,300,854 | 5.71% | |||
Current political representation in European institutions
[edit]| Organisation | Institution | Number of seats |
|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image European Union |
European Parliament | 50 / 720 (7%) [52]
|
| European Commission | 0 / 27 (0%) [53]
| |
| European Council (Heads of Government) |
0 / 27 (0%) [54]
| |
| Council of the European Union (Participation in Government) |
||
| Committee of the Regions | 10 / 329 (3%) [55]
| |
| 👁 Image Council of Europe (as part of SOC) |
Parliamentary Assembly | 157 / 612 (26%) [56]
|
See also
[edit]- European political party
- Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
- European political foundation
- Alter-globalization
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Club of Rome
- Common good (economics)
- Communalism
- Ecofeminism
- Ecological economics
- Environmental movement
- Ethics of care
- Participatory economics
- Political ecology
- Tobin tax
- Universal basic income
- Via Campesina
Notes
[edit]- ^ The number of MEPs listed below may not match the total number of MEPs of the European party, as it does not include MEPs who join as individual members.
- ^ Dutch-speaking electoral college
- ^ Flemish seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ^ All seats for the French and German-speaking electoral colleges.
- ^ All seats for French and German-speaking Communities in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
- ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
- ^ a b Catalan seats in the Congress of Deputies; two Catalunya en Comú deputies are also members of Green Left.
- ^ English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons.
- ^ Scottish seats in the House of Commons (the party has 7 seats in the devolved Scottish Parliament).
- ^ It does not have separate membership in the EGP because it is a part of the Irish Green Party.
- ^ Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons.
- ^ Ålandic seats in the Parliament of Finland.
- ^ Jaume Asens is member of both Catalunya en Comú and Green Left.
- ^ Full member from 1994 to 2016. Downgraded to associate member in 2016.
- ^ For the purpose of European party funding, "contributions" refer to financial or in-kind support provided by party members, while "donations" refer to the same but provided by non-members.
- ^ For the financial year 2007, the European Green Party was later unable to recall its amount of member contributions, which is therefore null. For that year, the EGP's final reports, which determine a European party's final amount of public funding, indicate €230,500 of "own resources", a category which include contributions, donations, and other limited income. In preceding and several successive years, the EGP did not raise any donations.
- ^ Michaele Schreyer for Alliance '90/The Greens
- ^ Includes 6 independent MEPs elected for the Europe Écologie group.
- ^ Includes 14 MEPs, from 8 countries, NOT affiliated with EGP member parties.
- ^ a b In a coalition with Yes, Bulgaria! and Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria as Democratic Bulgaria
- ^ With SYPOL
- ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
- ^ As part of the GreenLeft-Labour alliance.
- ^ Parties included in the coalition are the Democratic Left Alliance (since 16 February), The Greens (since 17 February), Now! (since 18 February), Civic Platform (since 21 February), Modern, Democratic Party (since 22 February), Polish People's Party, Union of European Democrats (since 23 February), Social Democracy of Poland (since 2 March), Liberty and Equality (since 3 March), League of Polish Families (since 11 March) and Feminist Initiative (since 15 March). The Coalition also gained the support from Barbara Nowacka and her movement, the Polish Initiative and civic organisation Committee for the Defence of Democracy. The Coalition came in second place in the 2019 European Parliament election with 38.5% of the vote, returning 22 MEPs.
- ^ The party participate in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election as part of the Civic Coalition.
- ^ a b These are the results for Unitary Democratic Coalition.
- ^ Esquerra Verda is member party of Catalunya en Comú.
- ^ a b On 2 July 2020, former ICV members announced the founding of a new party and that it would be part of the En Comú Podem, with David Cid, Marta Ribas and Ernest Urtasun being members of the new party.
References
[edit]- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ a b Tatiana, Rovinskaya (2015). "Greens in Europe: Incremental Growth". World Economy and International Relations. 59 (12): 58–71. doi:10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-58-71. ISSN 0131-2227.
- ^ Henley, Jon (28 May 2019). "European elections: triumphant Greens demand more radical climate action". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Keating, Joshua (3 June 2019). "An Answer to Climate Change—and the Far Right". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Heyman, Taylor (17 September 2019). "Green wave could change the balance of power in European Parliament". The National. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ a b "About". European Greens. 9 May 2023.
- ^ "Join Local Councillors Network". Local Councillors Network.
- ^ "Charter of the European Greens". European Greens. 13–14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023.
- ^ a b Fücks, Ralf, ed. (2008). Green identity in a changing Europe. Brussels: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (published October 2008).
- ^ Franceschini, Georgio (2024). Kühn, Ulrich (ed.). Germany and nuclear weapons in the 21st century: atomic Zeitenwende?. Routledge global security studies. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-032-37639-4.
- ^ Zelko, Frank; Brinkmann, Carolin, eds. (2006). Green Parties: reflections on the first three decades. Heinrich Böll Foundation North America.
- ^ "The History of Alliance 90/The Greens | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". www.boell.de. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ Haq, Gary; Paul, Alistair (1 March 2013). Environmentalism since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-63654-7.
- ^ "The big divide: is ideology holding back greens from embracing nuclear power?". theecologist.org. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ Wall, Derek (1994). Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: an illustrated history of the UK Green Party [published March 1994 to mark the 21st anniversary of the party]. Green Party. ISBN 1-873557-08-6.
- ^ "Ideas, actors and political practices in the environmental history of Europe | EHNE". ehne.fr. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Nuclear Power, No Thanks! The Aftermath of Chernobyl in Italy and the Nuclear Power Referendum of 1987". Environment & Society Portal. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ a b "The Green Party in the European Parliament – Taking Stock". www.boell.de. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "European Greens Found European Greens – DW – 02/23/2004". dw.com. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ a b HENDRICK, Annette (August 2014). European Green Party 1981-2009 (PDF). Etopia (published 2014).
- ^ "Bittersweet victories: The European Greens and the elections of 2021 | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office - European Union". eu.boell.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
- ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
- ^ "Greens present 'Green New Deal' at campaign convention". 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Results of the 2014 European elections - European Parliament".
- ^ a b Henley, Jon (26 May 2019). "Greens surge as parties make strongest ever showing across Europe". The Guardian.
- ^ "Climate change will be key issue in EU elections, poll shows". 16 April 2019.
- ^ "The Green Wave: A tsunami or just a storm in a teacup? | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office - European Union".
- ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
- ^ "EU election: Surge for Greens, losses for centrist blocs – DW – 05/26/2019". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "In Europe, green policies rule while green politicians struggle". The Economist. 7 December 2023.
- ^ "European Greens field Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout as top candidates ('Spitzenkandidaten') for EU elections". European Greens. 3 February 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ^ Wax, Eddy (30 April 2024). "Von der Leyen opens the door to Europe's hard right". Politico. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Mathiesen, Karl (29 April 2024). "Greens lionized by Europe's young voters at EU presidential debate". POLITICO. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
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