Geographic data and information is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location relative to Earth (a geographic location or geographic position).^[1][2] It is also called geospatial data and information,^{[citation needed]} georeferenced data and information,^{[citation needed]} as well as geodata and geoinformation.^{[citation needed]}

Geographic data and information is stored in geographic databases and geographic information systems (GIS). There are many different formats of geodata, including vector files, raster files, web files, and multi-temporal data.

Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced, such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling.

Geographic data and information are the subject of a number of overlapping fields of study, mainly:

• Geocomputation
• Geographic information science
  • Geographic information science and technology
• Geoinformatics
• Geomatics
• Geovisualization
• Technical geography

"Geospatial technology" may refer to any of "geomatics", "geomatics", or "geographic information technology."

The above is in addition to other related fields, such as:

• Cartography
• Geodesy
• Geography
• Geostatistics
• Photogrammetry
• Remote sensing
• Spatial data analysis
• Surveying
• Topography
• Geospatial analysis
• Geospatial intelligence

• Earth observation data
• Geographic feature
• Geomatics engineering
• Georeferencing
• Ubiquitous geographic information
• Satellite imagery

• Roger A. Longhorn; Michael Blakemore (2007). Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption. CRC Press.

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