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👁 An image of the International Space Station. The silver-colored center module is dark blue, surrounded by four golden solar arrays on each side. The sun is reflecting off of the set to the left. In the background is the outline of the Earth.
The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by Space Shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.
👁 An image of Skylab. The left side of the frame is dominated by a communications array, painted white with a cylindrical satellite dish on top. On they right is a brown-grey cylinder, which is the main station. No solar arrays are visible.
Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Space station.[edit]

A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. It is therefore an artificial satellite featuring habitation facilities. The purpose of maintaining a space station varies depending on the program. Most often space stations have been research stations, but they have also served military or commercial uses, such as hosting space tourists.

Space stations have been hosting the only continuous presence of humans in space. The first space station was Salyut 1 (1971), hosting the first crew, of the ill-fated Soyuz 11. Consecutively space stations have been operated since Skylab (1973) and occupied since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted human presence in orbital space through space stations has been sustained since the operational transition from the Mir to the International Space Station (ISS), with the latter's first occupation in 2000.

Currently there are two fully operational space stations – the ISS and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS), which have been occupied since October 2000 with Expedition 1 and since June 2022 with Shenzhou 14. The highest number of people at the same time on one space station has been 13, first achieved with the eleven day docking to the ISS of the 127th Space Shuttle mission in 2009. The present record for most people on all space stations at the same time has been 17, first reached on May 30, 2023, with 11 people on the ISS and 6 on the TSS.[1]

Space stations are often modular, featuring docking ports, through which they are built and maintained, allowing the joining or movement of modules and the docking of other spacecrafts for the exchange of people, supplies and tools. While space stations generally do not leave their orbit, they do feature thrusters for station keeping.


Operational stations

[edit]

As of 2026, two stations are orbiting Earth with life support system in place and fully operational.

Name Entity Crew size Launched Days in orbit[a] Days
occupied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Crewed
visits 		Robotic
visits 		Mass Pressurized
volume 		Habitable
volume
International Space Station 7[2] 20 November 1998[2][b] 9995 9284[3] 230[4] 88 [5] 94 [5] 450,000 kg (990,000 lb)[6] 1,005 m3 (35,500 ft3)[7] 388 m3 (13,700 ft3)
Tiangong space station 3–6[8] 29 April 2021 1799 1669 30 10 8 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) 340 m3 (12,000 ft3) 122 m3 (4,310 ft3)

Past stations

[edit]

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated. The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously in the 1970s, both of which were called Salyut publicly. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight whilst the Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance.[9]

  ‡     = Never crewed

Name Program
Entity 		Crew
size 		Launched Reentered Days
in orbit 		Days
occu-
pied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Number of
crewed visits 		Number of
robotic visits 		Mass
(* = at launch) 		Pressurized
volume
Salyut 1 DOS[10] 3[11] 19 April 1971[12] 11 October 1971[13] 175 24[14] 6[15] 2[15] 0[15] 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)[12] 100 m3 (3,500 ft3)[16]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[12]
DOS-2‡ DOS[17] —[c] 29 July 1972[12][18] 29 July 1972 failed to reach orbit — — — — 18,000 kg (40,000 lb)[19] —
👁 Soviet Union
 RVSN[20]
Salyut 2‡ Almaz[18] —[c] 3 April 1973[18] 16 April 1973[18] 13[18] — — — — 18,500 kg (40,800 lb)[21] —
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[22]
Kosmos 557‡ DOS[23] —[c] 11 May 1973[24] 22 May 1973[25] 11 — — — — 19,400 kg (42,800 lb)[19] —
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM
Skylab Skylab[26] 3[27] 14 May 1973[28] 11 July 1979[29] 2249 171[30] 9[31] 3[32] 0[33] 77,088 kg (169,950 lb)[34] 360 m3 (12,700 ft3)[35]
👁 United States
 NASA
Salyut 3 Almaz[10] 2[36] 25 June 1974[37] 24 January 1975[38] 213 15[39] 2[39] 1[39] 0 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)*[40] 90 m3 (3,200 ft3)[23]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[22]
Salyut 4 DOS[41] 2[42] 26 December 1974[43] 3 February 1977[43] 770[43] 92[44] 4[44] 2[44][45] 1[44] 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)[23]* 90 m3 (3,200 ft3)[23]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[20]
Salyut 5 Almaz[41] 2[46] 22 June 1976[47] 8 August 1977[48] 412 67[49] 4[49] 3[49] 0[49] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[23]* 100 m3 (3,500 ft3)[23]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[22]
Salyut 6 DOS[41][50] 2[51] 29 September 1977[51] 29 July 1982[52] 1764 683[53] 33[53] 16[53] 14[53] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[54] 90 m3 (3,200 ft3)[55]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[22]
Salyut 7 DOS[41][50] 3[56] 19 April 1982[57] 7 February 1991[57] 3216[57] 861[56] 22[56] 10[56] 15[56] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[58] 90 m3 (3,200 ft3)[23]
👁 Soviet Union
 MOM[22]
Mir DOS[41][50] 3[59] 19 February 1986[60][b] 23 March 2001[29][60] 5511[60] 4594[61] 125[61] 39[62] 68[61] 129,700 kg (285,900 lb)[63] 350 m3 (12,400 ft3)[64]
Tiangong-1 Tiangong 3[65] 29 September 2011[66][67] 2 April 2018[68] 2377 22 6[69][70] 2[69] 1[71] 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[72] 15 m3 (530 ft3)[73]
👁 China
 CMSA
Tiangong-2 Tiangong 2 15 September 2016 19 July 2019 1037 29 2 1 1 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[72] 15 m3 (530 ft3)[73]
👁 China
 CMSA

Prototypes

[edit]

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and were never intended to be crewed. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately. The Genesis stations were "retired" when their avionics systems stopped working after two and a half years, yet they remained in orbit as derelict spacecraft as their orbits gradually degraded over the next 18 years. Both Genesis stations re-entered the atmosphere and were destroyed two months apart in mid-2025.

Name Entity Program Launched Reentered Days in orbit Mass Pressurized volume
OPS 0855 👁 United States
 USAF 		MOL 3 November 1966[74] 9 January 1967[74] 67 9,680 kg (21,340 lb) 11.3 m3 (400 ft3)
Genesis I 👁 United States
 Bigelow Aerospace 		12 July 2006[75] 2 July 2025[76] 7204 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[77] 11.5 m3 (410 ft3)[78]
Genesis II 28 June 2007[75] 2 September 2025[79] 6853 11.5 m3 (406 ft3)[78]

Concepts

[edit]
Name Entity Crew Size Pressurized Volume Ref
Station in a Box 👁 United States
 Above
TBD
 TBD [80]
Pioneer Station
28
 TBD [81]
Voyager Station
400
 TBD
VERA Station 👁 United States
 Gateway Spaceport LLC
200
 369,523 m3 [82]
Gateway Spaceport
TBD
 11,906,250 m3 [83]
Mars Base Camp 👁 United States
 Lockheed Martin
TBD
 TBD [84]

Planned and proposed

[edit]

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name Entity Program Crew size Launch date Planned Pressurized Volume Remarks
LIFE Pathfinder 👁 United States
 Sierra Space 		Private
TBD
 2026 285 m3[85] "Before offering LIFE for Orbital Reef, though, the company is proposing to launch a standalone “pathfinder” version of LIFE as soon as the end of 2026".[86]
StarMax 👁 United States
 Gravitics 		Private
TBD
 2026[87] 400 m3 (14,000 cu ft) "The StarMax module provides up to 400 cubic meters of usable habitable volume - nearly half the volume of the International Space Station in one module."
Haven-1 👁 United States
 Vast 		Private
4
 Q1 2027[88] 80 m3[89] "Scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, Haven-1 and subsequent human spaceflight missions will accelerate access to space exploration"[90]
Axiom Station 👁 United States
 Axiom Space 		Private
TBD
 2027[91] Private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.
Orbital Reef 👁 United States
 Blue Origin
👁 United States
 Sierra Space 		Private
10
 2027[92] 830 m3

(29,000 cu ft)

"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."
Russian Orbital Service Station 👁 Russia
 Roscosmos 		Russia's next generation space station.
TBD
 2027[93] With Russia leaving the ISS programme sometime after 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.
Bharatiya Antariksha Station 👁 India
 ISRO 		Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
3
 TBD ~ 265 m3 (9,400 cu ft) ISRO chairman K. Sivan announced in 2019 that India will not join the International Space Station, but will instead build a space station of its own.[94] of 52 Tonne Mass[95] It is intended to be completed 5–7 years after the conclusion of the Gaganyaan program.[96]
Starlab 👁 United States
 NanoRacks
👁 United States
 Voyager Space
👁 European Union
 Airbus
👁 Canada
MDA Space
👁 Japan
Mitsubishi Corporation 		Private
4
 2028[97] ~450 m3 (16,000 cu ft) "Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world."

While originally Lockheed Martin was included in the project, as of 2024, it appears their primary role has been filled by Airbus, to provide the main habitat for the station.[98] As of 2024, they are no longer listed as a partner on Starlab's website.[99]

Haven-2 👁 United States
 Vast 		Private
12
 2028 1160 m3

[89]

A planned successor to Haven-1. Vast CEO Max Hoat expressed hope that the first module of Haven-2 will be launched in 2028 if the station will be approved during the second phase of NASA's Commercial LEO Destinations program.[100]
Thunderbird Station 👁 United States
 Max Space 		Private
4
 2029 350 m3 [101]
Artificial Gravity Station 👁 United States
 Vast 		Private
40
 2035 2160 m3 [89]
Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) 👁 Japan
 JAXA|Mitsui & Co. 		TBA
TBD
 TBD Japan's spaceflight agency, JAXA, announced in July 2024 that has contracted Mitsui & Co. to develop a concept for a new space station module for eventual flight and docking to an American private space station as yet to be determined as of the initial announcement.[102][103][104]


Cancelled projects

[edit]
👁 A mockup of the inside of Skylab at the Smithsonian, based on the Skylab B module. In the center, a dummy dressed in a gold jumpsuit sits at a table. Behind him are white cabinets that hold the crews equipment. Off to the right, a porthole shows a view of the Smithsonian.
The interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

Most of these stations were canceled due to financial difficulties, or merged into other projects.

Name Entity Crew Cancellation Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7 👁 United States
 USAF 		2[105] 1969 Boilerplate mission launched successfully, wider project cancelled due to excessive costs[106]
Skylab B 👁 United States
 NASA 		3[107] 1976 Constructed, but launch cancelled due to lack of funding.[108] Now a museum piece.
OPS-4 👁 Soviet Union
 USSR 		3[109] 1979 Constructed, but Almaz program cancelled in favour of uncrewed recon satellites.
Freedom 👁 United States
 NASA 		14–16[110] 1993 Merged to form the basis of the International Space Station.
Mir-2 👁 Soviet Union
 USSR
👁 Russia
 Roscosmos 		2[111]
Columbus MTFF 👁 Image
 ESA 		3
Galaxy 👁 United States
 Bigelow Aerospace 		Robotic[112] 2007 Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[113]
Sundancer 3 2011 Was under construction, but cancelled in favour of developing B330.
Lunar Orbital Station 👁 Russia
 Roscosmos 		5 2007 Cancelled after feasibility reports.[114]
Almaz commercial 👁 United Kingdom
 Excalibur Almaz 		4+ 2016 Soviet hardware was acquired, but never launched due to lack of funds.
Tiangong-3 👁 China
 CNSA 		3 2017 The goals for Tiangong-2 and 3 were merged, and were completed by a single station rather than two separate stations.
OPSEK 👁 Russia
 Roscosmos 		2+ 2017 Some modules such as Nauka were launched and attached to the ISS- but proposals to split these off as a separate station were cancelled, and they instead remain part of the ISS.
B330 👁 United States
 Bigelow Aerospace 		3 2020 Test articles were constructed but not flight ready hardware; cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Northrop Grumman CLD 👁 United States
 Northrop Grumman 		4-8[115] 2023 Developed under the Commercial LEO Destinations program, cancelled by Northrop Grumman to partner with Nanoracks on Starlab.
Lunar Gateway 👁 United States
 NASA
👁 Image
 ESA
👁 Canada
 CSA
👁 Japan
 JAXA
4
 2026[116] Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of NASA's Artemis program and follow-on human mission to Mars. Cancelled after a major revamp of the entire Artemis program in favor of building a Moon base by 2029–2036.[116]

Timeline

[edit]
👁 The image above contains clickable links
The image above contains clickable links
Timeline of space stations, sorted by the nations that launched them.

 China
 Soviet Union/Russia
 USA
 India
 multiple nations


Size comparison

[edit]
👁 Image
👁 The image above contains clickable links
The image above contains clickable links
Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Correct as of 2 April 2026
  2. ^ a b Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
  3. ^ a b c The USSR intended to crew these stations with two men, however they re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.

References

[edit]
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Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the Almaz military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.
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