This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2026) |
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The expression "de facto one-party" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]
Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]
One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[8] To account for this, the governments have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[9] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[10] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[10] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[10] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party governments can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]
Current one-party states
[edit]The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
| Country | Head of party | Leader title | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Duration | Constitutional basis | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image China[11] |
General Secretary | 👁 Image Chinese Communist Party |
Socialism with Chinese characteristics Marxism-Leninism |
1 October 1949 | 76 years, 183 days | Article 1 of the Constitution: "Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."[12] | Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department[13] | |
| 👁 Image Cuba[14] |
First Secretary | 👁 Image Communist Party of Cuba |
Marxism–Leninism Castroism Guevarism Left-wing nationalism |
3 October 1965 | 64 years, 351 days | Article 5 of the Constitution: "The Communist Party of Cuba, unique, Martiano, Fidelista, and Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, sustained in its democratic character as well as its permanent linkage to the people, is the superior driving force of the society and the State." | ||
| 👁 Image Eritrea[15] |
Chairperson | 👁 Image People's Front for Democracy and Justice |
Eritrean nationalism Statism Left-wing nationalism |
16 February 1994 | 32 years, 45 days | |||
| 👁 Image Laos[16] |
General Secretary | 👁 Image Lao People's Revolutionary Party |
Kaysone Phomvihane Thought Marxism-Leninism |
2 December 1975 | 50 years, 121 days | Article 3 of the Constitution: "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be the masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus." | ||
| 👁 Image North Korea[17] |
General Secretary | 👁 Image Workers' Party of Korea |
Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism Juche Communism |
9 September 1948 | 77 years, 205 days | Article 11 of the Constitution: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall conduct all activities under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea." | Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea[18] | |
| 👁 Image Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
Secretary General | 👁 Image Polisario Front |
Sahrawi nationalism Arab socialism |
27 February 1976 | 50 years, 34 days | Article 32 of the Constitution: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State." | State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria | |
| 👁 Image Vietnam[19] |
General Secretary | 👁 Image Communist Party of Vietnam |
Ho Chi Minh Thought Marxism-Leninism |
2 September 1945[note 1] | 80 years, 212 days | Article 4 of the Constitution: " Communist Party of Vietnam - the Vanguard of the working class, concurrently the vanguard of the labouring people and Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, labouring people and entire nation, and acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh Thought, is the force leading the State and society." | Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988. |
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
_01.jpg){kind=link}
_12_(cropped).jpg){kind=link}
_(cropped).jpg){kind=link}
De facto one-party states
[edit]| 👁 [icon] | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (November 2024) |
![👁 [icon]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=link}
A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[23] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[24][25][26] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.
| Country | Party | Date of establishment | Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Azerbaijan |
New Azerbaijan Party | 2010 | Although Azerbaijan is officially a constitutional democracy, and opposition parties remain active within the country, the New Azerbaijan Party and the ruling Aliyev family have maintained power uninterrupted since 1993. Founded by Heydar Aliyev, the former head of state of the Azerbaijan SSR, his son Ilham Aliyev has maintained the presidential position since 2003. Aliyev amended the Constitution to remove term limits in 2009, and while presidential elections are held, Aliyev consistently receives over 80% of the vote. Legislatively, the National Assembly has nominal powers under the Azerbaijan Constitution, but in practice power is heavily concentrated in the ruling party. Between 1993 and 2010, major opposition parties were allowed some representation in the Assembly in each election. However, since 2010, no opposition parties have held seats in the Assembly. There are nominal opposition parties and independents but they are supportive of the Aliyev regime.[27][28] Consequently, parliamentary elections are not considered free or fair.[29][28] |
| 👁 Image Cambodia |
Cambodian People's Party | 2017 | While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state,[30] the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.[31] |
| 👁 Image Cameroon |
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | 1997 | Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the National Assembly. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the Senate since its formation in 2013. |
| 👁 Image Equatorial Guinea |
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea | 2013 | Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987 to 1992, has one nominal opposition party with the Convergence for Social Democracy. However, the opposition held at most 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies between 1999, and 2013, and has held no seats in either the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since 2013. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since 2022 (CPDS did not run any candidates in 2017). |
| 👁 Image Nicaragua |
Sandinista National Liberation Front | 2021 | Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[32] |
| 👁 Image Russia |
United Russia | 2009 | As of 2009, United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality. Opposition candidates stated they were hindered from campaigning for the elections, and some were denied places on the ballot. There were allegations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation, as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations. |
| 👁 Image Rwanda |
Rwandan Patriotic Front | 1994 | Although Rwanda nominally allows for multiparty elections, they are manipulated in various ways, including bans on opposition parties, arrests or assassinations of critics, and electoral fraud.[33][34] |
| 👁 Image Togo |
Union for the Republic | 2024 | The official continuation of the Rally of the Togolese People, which ruled Togo as a one-party state under Gnassingbe Eyadema from 1967 to 1994, the Union for the Republic, has maintained power under Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbe, since its establishment in 2012. Although opposition parties exist within the country and other parties nominally hold seats in the National Assembly, the Union for the Republic has maintained an absolute majority since 2018 due to opposition boycotts while other represented parties only expedite the ruling party's legislation. This is demonstrated by the legislature's extension of Gnassingbe's term limit in 2019, extending it to 2030. With the 2024 Togolese parliamentary election, the UPLR received 108 seats out of 113, while also enabling Gnassingbe's revision of the Constitution switch from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary one. With the parliamentary supermajority enabling Gnassingbe to become prime minister, the lack of term limits for the prime ministerial position, and the transformation of the presidency into a ceremonial figurehead, the party solidified Gnassingbe to rule for life like his father previously. |
| 👁 Image Venezuela[35] |
United Socialist Party of Venezuela | 2017 | Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.[36][37] |
| 👁 Image Uganda |
National Resistance Movement | 1986 | Since assuming office in 1986 at the end of the Ugandan civil war, Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda as a dictator. Political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006 in the wake of the 2005 Ugandan multi-party referendum which was won by pro-democracy forces. Since 2006, Museveni has used legal means, patronage, and violence to maintain power.[38][39][40] |
Former one-party states
[edit]
See also
[edit]- Dominant-party system
- Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Multi-party system
- Outline of democracy
- Political factionalism
- Political organisation
- Two-party system
- Uniparty
- Unitary parliamentary republic
- Landslide victory
Notes
[edit]- ^ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[20] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[21][22]
- ^ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
- ^ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
- ^ While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtailed independent political activities.
References
[edit]- ^ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. p. 611. ISBN 9781608716791.
- ^ "One-Party". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Angiolillo, Fabio (27 April 2023). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies". Journal of Peace Research. 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433.
- ^ a b Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (1 May 2010). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ a b Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (10 August 2018). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. S2CID 158403649.
- ^ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (12 May 2022). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science. 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 241393914.
- ^ a b Malesky, Edmund; Schuler, Paul (26 October 2011). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805.
- ^ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
- ^ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
- ^ a b c Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (1 June 2009). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science. 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ "China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 January 2023, archived from the original on 17 February 2023, retrieved 5 February 2023
- ^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". english.www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 November 2025. Retrieved 6 November 2025.
- ^ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
- ^ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia". BBC News. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "North Korea: Country Profile". Freedom House. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ Tertitskiy, Fyodor (26 November 2014). "Being a minor party in the North". NK News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "Vietnam: Country Profile". Freedom House. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby". Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. JSTOR 26937807. S2CID 225324132. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-920780-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ Ziemer, Klaus (1995). "The African One-Party State". In Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel (eds.). State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence. St Antony’s/Macmillan Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 97–105. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7. ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa". The Round Table. 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Schachter, Ruth (June 1961). "Single-Party Systems in West Africa". American Political Science Review. 55 (2): 294–307. doi:10.2307/1952240. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1952240.
- ^ "Azerbaijan: Country Profile". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ a b Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Columbia University Press. p. 23. doi:10.7312/alts70456. ISBN 978-0-231-70456-4. JSTOR 10.7312/alts70456. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2025.
- ^ "Azerbaijan: Nations in Transit 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 21 August 2025. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA". pressocm.gov.kh. Office of the Council of Ministers. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ Barrett, Chris (10 November 2022). "Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Under Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has become a one-party state". The Economist. 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ Thomson, Susan (2018). Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace. Yale University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-300-23591-3. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). "Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "NA: "Regime wants to build a one-party political system". El Universal (in Spanish). 18 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ Itriago Acosta, Andreina (2 April 2024). "'Anti-Fascism' Law to Tighten Crackdown on Venezuelan Opposition". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ Maria Delgado, Antonio (5 April 2024). "Maduro prepared harsh law to further punish criticism of Venezuela regime". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
- ^ Tapscott, Rebecca (2021). Arbitrary States: Social Control and Modern Authoritarianism in Museveni's Uganda. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885647-4. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
- ^ Arriola, Leonardo R.; Rakner, Lise; Van De Walle, Nicolas, eds. (2023). Democratic Backsliding in Africa?: Autocratization, Resilience, and Contention. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192867322.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-286732-2. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
- ^ PesaCheck (22 June 2021). "Has Uganda held a fair and transparent election in the last 30 years?". Medium. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
- ^ Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3.
- ^ "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
- ^ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ^ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph (PDF). Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ^ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ^ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ^ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book. 40: 226–228. JSTOR 23602316. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ Hepburn, A. (7 April 2004). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6.
- ^ Delzell, Charles Floyd (18 June 1971). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5.
- ^ "Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937". Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ a b MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2.
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- ^ a b "Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Republic". portugal-info.net. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Henderson, Jane (4 May 2011). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6.
- ^ Kumar, Kundan (2003). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7.
- ^ "BOE-A-1976-11502 Ley 21/1976, de 14 de junio, sobre el Derecho de Asociación Política". www.boe.es. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
Hidden categories:
- CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
- Articles with short description
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2026
- All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
- Use dmy dates from March 2022
- Articles to be expanded from November 2024
- All articles to be expanded
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019