In mathematics, a function 👁 {\displaystyle f}
is superadditive if 👁 {\displaystyle f(x+y)\geq f(x)+f(y)}
for all 👁 {\displaystyle x}
and 👁 {\displaystyle y}
in the domain of 👁 {\displaystyle f.}

Similarly, a sequence 👁 {\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\ldots }
is called superadditive if it satisfies the inequality 👁 {\displaystyle a_{n+m}\geq a_{n}+a_{m}}
for all 👁 {\displaystyle m}
and 👁 {\displaystyle n.}

The term "superadditive" is also applied to functions from a boolean algebra to the real numbers where 👁 {\displaystyle P(X\lor Y)\geq P(X)+P(Y),}
such as lower probabilities.

• The map 👁 {\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}}
  is a superadditive function for nonnegative real numbers because 👁 {\displaystyle f(x+y)=(x+y)^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+2xy=f(x)+f(y)+2xy\geq f(x)+f(y).}
  

• The determinant is superadditive for nonnegative Hermitian matrix, that is, if 👁 {\displaystyle A,B\in {\text{Mat}}_{n}(\mathbb {C} )}
  are nonnegative Hermitian then 👁 {\displaystyle \det(A+B)\geq \det(A)+\det(B).}
  This follows from the Minkowski determinant theorem, which more generally states that 👁 {\displaystyle \det(\cdot )^{1/n}}
  is superadditive (equivalently, concave)^[1] for nonnegative Hermitian matrices of size 👁 {\displaystyle n}
  : If 👁 {\displaystyle A,B\in {\text{Mat}}_{n}(\mathbb {C} )}
  are nonnegative Hermitian then 👁 {\displaystyle \det(A+B)^{1/n}\geq \det(A)^{1/n}+\det(B)^{1/n}.}
  
• Horst Alzer proved^[2] that Hadamard's gamma function 👁 {\displaystyle H(x)}
  is superadditive for all real numbers 👁 {\displaystyle x,y}
  with 👁 {\displaystyle x,y\geq 1.5031.}
  ^[3]
• Mutual information

If 👁 {\displaystyle f}
is a superadditive function whose domain contains 👁 {\displaystyle 0,}
then 👁 {\displaystyle f(0)\leq 0.}
To see this, simply set 👁 {\displaystyle x=0}
and 👁 {\displaystyle y=0}
in the defining inequality.

The negative of a superadditive function is subadditive.

The major reason for the use of superadditive sequences is the following lemma due to Michael Fekete.^[4]

Lemma: (Fekete) For every superadditive sequence 👁 {\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,}
the limit 👁 {\displaystyle \lim a_{n}/n}
is equal to the supremum 👁 {\displaystyle \sup a_{n}/n.}
(The limit may be positive infinity, as is the case with the sequence 👁 {\displaystyle a_{n}=\log n!}
for example.)

The analogue of Fekete's lemma holds for subadditive functions as well. There are extensions of Fekete's lemma that do not require the definition of superadditivity above to hold for all 👁 {\displaystyle m}
and 👁 {\displaystyle n.}
There are also results that allow one to deduce the rate of convergence to the limit whose existence is stated in Fekete's lemma if some kind of both superadditivity and subadditivity is present. A good exposition of this topic may be found in Steele (1997).^[5][6]

• Choquet integral – Subadditive or superadditive integral
• Inner measure
• Subadditivity – Property of some mathematical functions
• Sublinear function – Type of function in linear algebra

Notes

• György Polya and Gábor Szegö. (1976). Problems and theorems in analysis, volume 1. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-05672-6.

This article incorporates material from Superadditivity on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.