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โ‡ฑ TOGO - Wikipedia

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Former Japanese amusement ride company
This article is about the Japanese roller coaster manufacturer. For the African state, see Togo. For other uses, see Togo (disambiguation).
TOGO
Native name
Toyo Goraku Ki Kabushiki Kaisha
FormerlyToyo Gorakuki
IndustryAmusement rides
Founded1935 (1935)
FounderTeiichi Yamada
DefunctJuly 2001
FateBankruptcy
Area served
Worldwide (Excluding Western Hemisphere)
ProductsRoller coasters
Websitetohgo.co.jp
๐Ÿ‘ Image
Fujiyama, a TOGO hypercoaster

TOGO (ๆ ชๅผไผš็คพใƒˆใƒผใ‚ด, Kabushiki-gaisha Tลgo) was a Japanese amusement ride company that built roller coasters, giant wheels, carousels, flumes, dark rides, sky cycles and other amusement rides. They also introduced the Whac-A-Mole arcade game in 1975.

History

[edit]

In 1935, Teiichi Yamada founded the Toyo Gorakuki Company and built his first attraction, a five-foot mechanical walking elephant that was a popular attraction at one of Tokyo's neighborhood parks.[1] Yamada reorganized his company in 1949 and changed the name to TOGO. TOGO built its first roller coaster in 1953, at Hanayashiki Park in Tokyo. That coaster is still in operation and is the oldest coaster in Japan.[1]

In 1965, TOGO built Cyclone at Toshimaen Park, which at the time, was the largest coaster in Asia. The company also began to expand its export business, selling coasters in Russia, Cuba and China.[1] Although the company built a variety of different rides in Japan, its export business was primarily roller coasters. In 1979, TOGO installed standup trains on two of its existing coasters in Japan, Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster at Yomiuriland and Dangai at Thrill Valley, creating the world's first stand-up roller coasters. These two installations captured the attention of Taft/Kings Entertainment company, who then purchased TOGO's Astro-Comet, the world's first coaster designed from the ground up as a stand-up roller coaster, installing at Kings Island as King Cobra.[1]

Whac-A-Mole (Mogura Taiji) was invented in 1975 by Kazuo Yamada of TOGO, based on ten of the designer's pencil sketches from 1974.[2] TOGO released it as Mogura Taiji to Japanese amusement arcades in 1975.[3] It became a major commercial success in Japan, where it was the second highest-grossing electro-mechanical arcade game of 1976 and again in 1977, second only to Namco's popular arcade racing game F-1 in both years.[4][5]

In 1986, TOGO developed the Ultra Twister Coaster. This unique concept had rails on the side of the vehicle allowing the coaster to perform true heartline rolls as it navigated the course. TOGO also incorporated a vertical lift hill and near-vertical drop into the ride.[6] TOGO built seven of these models, all similar, but not identical to each other. The original versions were not capable of making turns, so all seven operated as shuttles. However, TOGO did display a full-circuit model at the IAAPA trade show in the mid-1990s that was capable of making turns, but the ride was never built.[6] In fall 1989, Arrow Dynamics began building a similar concept called the Pipeline, which failed to get past the prototype stage.[7]

TOGO went bankrupt in 2001 due to a lawsuit by Knott's Berry Farm for problems with their Windjammer Surf Racers roller coaster.[8][9] TOGO created several unique coasters, including its combination of a looping sit-down coaster and a hypercoaster with its Manhattan Express coaster in Las Vegas (now known as "The Big Apple Coaster"). The looping wild mouse by TOGO was a style of ride with a drop into a vertical loop, followed by the hairpin turns and drops of a wild mouse coaster. The former Windjammer coaster at Knott's berry Farm was a variation of the looping wild mouse; it didn't feature any hairpin turns.

TOGO is also renowned for inventing the Twist-and-Dive roll, an inversion maneuver that combines elements of a half-heartline roll with a half-loop.[citation needed] A version of this maneuver included a half-oblique loop instead of a half-loop, so riders exited the element at an angle. This was used on the now-defunct Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure.

In 2018, TOGO announced a possible comeback after releasing a concept of their new stand up coaster model.

Notable rides

[edit]
  • Bandit at Yomiuriland โ€“ It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1988 and inspired Richard Kinzel of Cedar Point to build Magnum XL 200.[10]
  • Big Apple Coaster at New York-New York Hotel & Casino (first opened in 1997 as the "Manhattan Express").
  • Freestyle is the only stand-up roller coaster in Europe, operating at Cavallino Matto in Tuscany, Italy. It opened as the park's fifth roller coaster on 18 July 2015. Freestyle originally opened at Canada's Wonderland in 1985 as SkyRider
  • Fujiyama โ€“ A hypercoaster at Fuji-Q Highland, Japan. Until 2000, it was the tallest roller coaster in the world.
  • King Cobra at Kings Island (1984โ€“2001) โ€“ The world's first coaster designed specifically to be a stand-up looping coaster. It was taken down and scrapped after TOGO went out of business, making parts very expensive.
  • Shockwave โ€“ Kings Dominion, Doswell, Virginia. Built in 1986 Specifically for Kings Dominion; was retired August 9, 2015.
  • SkyRider โ€“ Canada's Wonderland Opening date May 1985; retired in 2014; dismantled and sent to Italy.
  • Ultra Twister โ€“ A pipeline roller coaster that uses single cars that ride between the rails. Because of the design, the cars are unable to make lateral turns and require switch tracks at either end of the ride.
  • Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure โ€“ A roller coaster that featured a unique heartline roll. The ride was scrapped in 2005, and its station was re-used for El Toro.
  • White Canyon at Yomiuriland โ€“ White Canyon was the tallest and longest Cyclone-style roller coaster in the world before it closed in 2013.
  • Windjammer Surf Racers at Knott's Berry Farm โ€“ a twin racing coaster with 65-foot vertical loops. This coaster was a massive failure, and part of the lawsuits would lead to TOGO's bankruptcy.

List of roller coasters

[edit]

As of 2019, TOGO has built 61 roller coasters around the world.[11]

Name Model Park Country Opened Status Ref
Jet Coaster Sitdown Coaster Nagashima Spa Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1966 Operating [12]
Diving Shooter Sitdown Coaster Itozu No Mori Park ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [13]
Cycle Coaster Cycle Coaster Enakyo Wonderland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Operating [14]
Jet Coaster Sitdown Coaster Kagoshima Jungle Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [15]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Kagoshima Jungle Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [16]
Jungle Mouse Wild Mouse Coaster Yoshinogawa Yuenchi ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [17]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Tokyo Summer Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [18]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Tengu Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [19]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [20]
Rushing Car Wild Mouse Coaster Kashiikaen Yuenchi ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 Unknown Removed [21]
Unknown
Formerly Ultra Twister		 Ultra Twister I Six Flags America
Six Flags AstroWorld
Six Flags Great Adventure		 ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 Unknown
1990 to 2005
1986 to 1988		 Removed [22]
[23]
[24]
Roller Coaster Sitdown Coaster Hanayashiki ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1953 Operating [25]
Sea Coaster Sitdown Coaster Yatsu Yuenchi ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1958 Removed [26]
Cyclone Sitdown Coaster Toshimaen ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1965 Removed [27]
2WAY Coaster Sitdown Coaster Tokyo Dome City ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1968 Removed [28]
Diving Coaster Sitdown Coaster GrinPa ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1973 Removed [29]
Bobster Bobster Takakonuma Greenland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1973 Removed [30]
Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster
Formerly Standing and Loop Coaster		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet II Yomiuriland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1979 Removed [31]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Tobu Zoo Park ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1981 Removed [32]
Bobster Bobster Shirakaba Resort Family Land
Nakajima Park		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1982
1974 to 1981		 Operating [33]
[34]
King Cobra Standing Coaster Astro Comet Kings Island ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 1984 Removed [35]
Standing Coaster Standing Coaster Astro Comet II Rusutsu Resort
Otaru Expo		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1985
1984		 Operating [36]
[37]
Adventure Coaster Diving Shooter Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1985 Removed [38]
Montaรฑa Rusa Bobster Parque Lenin ๐Ÿ‘ Cuba
 Cuba		 1985 Removed [39]
Shockwave Standing Coaster Custom Kings Dominion ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 1986 Removed [40]
Pink Typhoon Standing Coaster
Formerly Star Jet		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland
Tsukuba Expo		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1986
1985		 Operating [41]
[42]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Tokyo Dome City ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1986 Removed [43]
Loop Screw Coaster Sitdown Coaster Seibuen Yuenchi ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1986 Removed [44]
Roller Coaster Loop & Corkscrew Beijing Amusement Park ๐Ÿ‘ China
 China		 1987 Removed [45]
Bandit Super Roller Coaster Yomiuriland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1988 Operating [46]
SL Coaster Sitdown Coaster Yomiuriland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1988 Removed [47]
Zola 7 Shooting Coaster Fuji-Q Highland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1988 Removed [48]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Nagashima Spa Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1989 Operating [49]
SL Coaster Sitdown Coaster Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1989 Removed [50]
Dangai Standing Coaster Custom Thrill Valley ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1989 Removed [51]
Super Roller Coaster Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome Tomakomai ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1990 Removed [52]
Milky Way
Formerly Fujin-Raijin
Formerly Ultra Twin
Formerly Fujin-Raijin		 Standing Coaster Custom Greenland
International Flower and Greenery Exposition		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1991
1990		 Operating [53]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1991 Operating [54]
Fujin Raijin II Standing Coaster Custom Expoland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1992 Removed [55]
Geopanic Sitdown Coaster Tokyo Dome City ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1992 Removed [56]
DIOS Super Roller Coaster Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1992 Removed [57]
Aladdin Coaster Sitdown Coaster Alibaba City ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1992 Removed [58]
Surf Coaster Leviathan
Formerly Surf Coaster		 Super Roller Coaster Sea Paradise ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1993 Operating [59]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister S-II Rusutsu Resort
World Food Festival		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1989
1988		 Operating [60]
[61]
Unknown Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome Seiro ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1994 Removed [62]
Vegas Panic Looping Mouse Custom Fantasy Dome Kishiwada ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1994 Removed [63]
Ultra Twister Megaton Ultra Twister I Greenland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1994 Removed [64]
White Canyon Wooden Coaster Yomiuriland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1994 Removed [65]
Clipper Sitdown Coaster Space World ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1995 Removed [66]
Viper Mega Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 1995 Removed [67]
Fujiyama Sitdown Coaster Fuji-Q Highland ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1996 Operating [68]
Mega Coaster Mega Coaster Hamanako Pal Pal ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1997 Operating [69]
Big Apple Coaster
Formerly The Roller Coaster
Formerly Manhattan Express		 Mega Coaster New York, New York Hotel & Casino ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 1997 Operating [70]
Windjammer Surf Racers
Formerly Jammer		 Looping Mouse Custom Knott's Berry Farm ๐Ÿ‘ United States
 United States		 1997 Removed [71]
Kiddy Shuttle Kiddy Shuttle Thrill Valley ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 1998 Removed [72]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Kitami Family Land ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 2000 Operating [73]
Hyper Kid Coaster Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 2000 Closed [74]
Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster Sitdown Coaster Tokyo DisneySea ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 2001 Operating [75]
Actpo Kometa Sitdown Coaster Maviland
Metalworkers' Palace		 ๐Ÿ‘ Russia
 Russia		 2002
1992 to 2000		 Removed [76]
[77]
Go Go Sneaker Sitdown Coaster Rusutsu Resort
Kintetsu Ayameike		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 2005
Unknown		 Operating [78]
[79]
Hurricane - Screw & Loop Coaster
Formerly Tornado		 Loop & Corkscrew Himeji Central Park
Kintetsu Ayameike		 ๐Ÿ‘ Japan
 Japan		 2007
1981 to 2004		 Operating [80]
[81]
Ultra Coaster
Formerly Ultra Twister		 Ultra Twister I Marah Land Sabahiya
Ikoma Skyland		 ๐Ÿ‘ Kuwait
 Kuwait		 2008
2004 to 2006		 Removed [82]
[83]
Bledek Coaster
Formerly Loop & Cork		 Looping Mouse I Suroboyo Carnival Night Market
Jawa Timur Park 2
Maruyama KidLand
Nakajima Park		 ๐Ÿ‘ Indonesia
 Indonesia		 2014
Unknown
1995 to 2010
1982 to 1994		 Removed [84][85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
Grand Canyon
Formerly Cobra
Formerly Kiddy Shuttle		 Kiddy Shuttle Parc de la Vallรฉe
Lunapark Frรฉjus
Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen		 ๐Ÿ‘ France
 France		 2014
2004 to 2011
1998 to 2002		 Operating [89]
[90]
[91]
Freestyle
Formerly SkyRider		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet Cavallino Matto
Canada's Wonderland		 ๐Ÿ‘ Italy
 Italy		 2015
1985 to 2014		 Operating [92]
[93]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Togo (manufacturer).
  1. ^ a b c d Ruben, Paul (1988). "Innovative thrills from TOGO". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 9, no. 3. Chicago, Illinois: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50โ€“53. ISSN 0896-7261.
  2. ^ "ใ‚‚ใใ‚‰ๅฉใใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸ็”ท" [The man who made Whac-A-Mole] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  3. ^ "70s Amusement Machine History" (PDF). Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association (JAMMA) (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  4. ^ "ๆœฌ็ด™ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผ ใ€œ ใƒˆ่ชฟๆŸปใฎ็ตๆžœ (ใ‚ขใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ๆฉŸ)" [Paper Questionnaire: Results of the Survey (Arcade Game Machines)] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 65. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 February 1977. p. 2.
  5. ^ "็ตๆžœใƒ™ใ‚นใƒˆ3" [Best 3 Results] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 90. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1978. p. 2.
  6. ^ a b Seifert, Jeffrey (2007). "The first pipeline coaster โ€” Ultra Twister". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 28, no. 2. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50โ€“53. ISSN 0896-7261.
  7. ^ "1990 Arrow Dynamics announces the 'Pipeline Coaster'". 25 November 2007.
  8. ^ "Jury Rejects Knott's Suit Over Design of Coaster". Los Angeles Times. 2003-10-31. Retrieved 2026-02-22.
  9. ^ "Windjammer Surf Racers (Yellow) (Knott's Berry Farm) :: ThrillNetwork.com". database.thrillnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-08. Retrieved 2026-02-22.
  10. ^ Holmes, Scott; Holmes, Carol (2009). "20 years of Magnum". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 30, no. 4. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 4โ€“11. ISSN 0896-7261.
  11. ^ TOGO - rcdb.com
  12. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  13. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Shooter (Itozu No Mori Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  14. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cycle Coaster (Enakyo Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  15. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  16. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  17. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jungle Mouse (Yoshinogawa Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  18. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car (Tokyo SummerLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  19. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car (Tengu Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  20. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  21. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car (Kashiikaen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  22. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  23. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  24. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  25. ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster (Hanayashiki)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  26. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster (Yatsu Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  27. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cyclone (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  28. ^ Marden, Duane. "2Way Coaster (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  29. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster (GrinPa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  30. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster (Takakonuma Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  31. ^ Marden, Duane. "Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  32. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse (Tobu Zoo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  33. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster (Shirakaba Resort Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  34. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  35. ^ Marden, Duane. "King Cobra (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  36. ^ Marden, Duane. "Standing Coaster (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  37. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Otaru Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  38. ^ Marden, Duane. "Adventure Coaster (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  39. ^ Marden, Duane. "Montaรฑa Rusa (Parque Lenin)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  40. ^ Marden, Duane. "Shockwave (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  41. ^ Marden, Duane. "Star Jet (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  42. ^ Marden, Duane. "Star Jet (Tsukuba Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  43. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  44. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop Screw (Seibuen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  45. ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster (Beijing Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  46. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bandit (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  47. ^ Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  48. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zola 7 (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  49. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  50. ^ Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster (Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  51. ^ Marden, Duane. "Dangai (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  52. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster (Fantasy Dome Tomakomai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  53. ^ Marden, Duane. "Milky Way (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  54. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  55. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fujin Raijin II (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  56. ^ Marden, Duane. "Geopanic (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  57. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster DIOS (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  58. ^ Marden, Duane. "Aladdin Coaster (Alibaba City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  59. ^ Marden, Duane. "Surf Coaster Leviathan (Sea Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  60. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  61. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (World Food Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  62. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Fantasy Dome Seiro)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  63. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Fantasy Dome Kishiwada)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  64. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister Megaton (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  65. ^ Marden, Duane. "White Canyon (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  66. ^ Marden, Duane. "Clipper (Space World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  67. ^ Marden, Duane. "Viper (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  68. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fujiyama (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  69. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mega Coaster (Hamanako Pal Pal)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  70. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big Apple Coaster (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  71. ^ Marden, Duane. "Windjammer SurF Racers (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  72. ^ Marden, Duane. "Kiddy Shuttle (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  73. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse (Kitami Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  74. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hyper Kid Coaster (Fantasy Dome)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  75. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster (Tokyo DisneySea)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  76. ^ Marden, Duane. "Actpo Kometa (Maviland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  77. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Metalworkers' Palace)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  78. ^ Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  79. ^ Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker (Kinetetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  80. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hurricane Screw & Loop Coaster (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  81. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado (Kintetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  82. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Coaster (Marah Land Sabahiya)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  83. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister (Ikoma Skyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  84. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bledek Coaster (Suroboyo Carnival Night Market)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  85. ^ Widiyana, Esti (January 25, 2021). "Surabaya Night Carnival Riwayatmu Kini". news.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  86. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Jawa Timur Park 2)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  87. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork (Maruyama KidLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  88. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  89. ^ Marden, Duane. "Grand Canyon (Parc de la Vallรฉe)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  90. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cobra (Lunapark Frรฉjus)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  91. ^ Marden, Duane. "Kddy Shuttle (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  92. ^ Marden, Duane. "Freestyle (Cavallino Matto)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  93. ^ Marden, Duane. "SkyRider (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
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