Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

• IPA^(key): [ˈruka]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ru‧ka
• Rhymes: -uka

ruka f (relational adjective ruční, diminutive ručka)

1. hand

   Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa

   kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand

   črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand

   dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

• “ruka”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “ruka”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “ruka”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

• IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ukɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ru‧ka
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧ka

ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)

1. dried, hardened resin

   Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

• Rukatunturi

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From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈruɡ̊ɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -ukɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

ruka

1. (hardened) resin

Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruat
genitive	ruan	rukkiin
partitive	rukkaa	rukkia
illative	rukkaa	rukkii
inessive	ruas	ruis
elative	ruast	ruist
allative	rualle	ruille
adessive	rual	ruil
ablative	rualt	ruilt
translative	ruaks	ruiks
essive	rukanna, rukkaan	rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1)	rukant	rukint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

• pihka (“liquid resin”)

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

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From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈruka/

ruka f (diminutive rucka)

1. hand
2. arm

• rukajca f

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

• Audio:

  (file)

ruka (Raguileo spelling)

1. house

• Spanish: ruca

• Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ. First attested in the 14th century.

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈruka/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈruka/

ruka f

1. hand

• Czech: ruka

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “ruka”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka.

ruka f (diminutive ručička)

1. hand (of the human body: the upper limb from the wrist down, including fingers, used for work and manipulation)
   • 1781, ASL 1781. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     zbroj sem do ruky vzal, abych lapajících mne rychle rozehnal

     I took a weapon into my hand to quickly disperse those catching me

   s prázdnymi rukami ― penniless, without means (literally, “with empty hands”)

   • 1671, STAŠKOV 1671 LP. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     museli by sme všetko predat... a zatym rukami praznyma z pribytkov našich ven jiti

     we would have to sell everything... and then go out of our dwellings with empty hands

   z ruky do ruky ― from hand to hand

   • 1763, KS 1763. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     traditio: z ruki do ruki oddané lidské umeni

     tradition: human knowledge passed from hand to hand

   rukami i nohami ― at all costs, tooth and nail (literally, “with hands and feet”)

   • 1750, WU 1750. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     summa ambitione: rukama y nohama, nechty y zuby

     with the greatest ambition: with hands and feet, nails and teeth

   ruka ruku umýva ― one hand washes the other (literally, “hand washes hand”)

   • 1678, SiN 1678. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     manus manum fricat: ruka ruku umjwa

     one hand rubs the other: hand washes hand

2. hand, power, discipline (figurative: representing God, authority, or strict control)
   • 1753, KT 1753. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     ruka Panie priliss tiasska nas dotkla se

     the hand of the Lord has touched us too heavily

3. (synecdochic) generosity, theft (figurative: used in idioms describing personal character traits)
   • 1758, MS 1758. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     lidé chitlawi, z dluhimi rukami gsu mnozi nesprawedliwi pani

     grasping people with long hands [thieves] are many unjust lords

4. handwriting, script, signature (of documents: the style of writing or a person's own autograph)
   • 1750, WU 1750. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     máss pěkné pjsmo, dobru ruku

     you have fine writing, a good hand

5. hand (of clocks: the pointer used to indicate time on a dial)
   • 1714, ŽILINA 1714. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     kdy hodini transferowal na druhu wežu a znowu ruky accomodowal

     when he moved the clock to the other tower and adjusted the hands again

• Slovak: ruka

• Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “ruka”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

1. to vomit, to puke

• “kuruka” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

• roka (Kajkavian)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

• IPA^(key): /rǔːka/
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка, relational adjective rȕčnī, diminutive rùčica, augmentative ručètina)

1. arm
2. hand

   Synonym: šȁka

   rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

Note: the genitive plural rúkā is colloquial.

• “ruka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

• IPA^(key): /rǔːkḁ/

ruka f

1. hand

• Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Inherited from Old Slovak ruka.

• IPA^(key): /ruka/, [ˈruka]

• Audio (Bratislava):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uka
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

ruka f (relational adjective ručný, diminutive rúčka or ručička)

1. hand, arm (the upper limb of a human, or specifically the part from the wrist down)

   Hypernym: končatina

   pravá ruka ― one's right-hand man (literally, “right hand”)

   podať pomocnú ruku ― to lend a helping hand (literally, “to give a helping hand”)

   dať za niekoho ruku do ohňa ― to vouch for someone (literally, “to put one's hand into fire for someone”)

   mať voľnú ruku ― to have a free hand / to have carte blanche (literally, “to have a free hand”)

   žiť z ruky do úst ― to live from hand to mouth (literally, “to live from hand to mouth”)

   kúpiť niečo pod rukou ― to buy something under the table (literally, “to buy something under the hand”)

   ruka ruku umýva ― one hand washes the other (literally, “hand washes hand”)

   mať plné ruky práce ― to have one's hands full (literally, “to have full hands of work”)

   je to na dosah ruky ― it is within arm's reach (literally, “it is at the reach of the hand”)

   Keď uvidela starú priateľku, radostne jej začala mávať rukou. ― When she saw her old friend, she joyfully started waving her hand at her.

2. (metonymic) handwriting, hand (the characteristic features of someone's writing style)

   Synonyms: rukopis, písmo

   Hoci list nebol podpísaný, matka okamžite spoznala synovu roztrasenú ruku. ― Although the letter was not signed, the mother immediately recognized her son's shaky hand.

3. (synecdochic) person, hand, agent (symbolizes a person who performs an action or provides labor)

   Synonyms: človek, pracovník, sila

   V našej malej rodinnej pekárni sú každé šikovné ruky vítané. ― In our small family bakery, every pair of skillful hands is welcome.

4. (metonymic) hand, arm, lever (an object resembling a hand, such as a prosthetic or a mechanical part)

   Synonyms: protéza, rameno, páka

   Mechanická ruka robota presne umiestnila súčiastku na bežiaci pás. ― The robot's mechanical arm (hand) precisely placed the part onto the conveyor belt.

• záruka f
• zručný

• “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

1. to jump
2. to fly
3. to transgress
4. to denounce, refuse, decline, deny
5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka Subjunctive -ruke Negative -ruki Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka) Singular Plural 1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka 2nd person unaruka mnaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki) Singular Plural 1st person siruki haturuki 2nd person huruki hamruki 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke) Singular Plural 1st person niruke turuke 2nd person uruke mruke 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka) Singular Plural 1st person naruka twaruka 2nd person waruka mwaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka pa(XVI) paruka mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka "Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka "If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niruka -turuka 2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka pa(XVI) -paruka mu(XVIII) -muruka Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -rukako pa(XVI) -rukapo mu(XVIII) -rukamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koruka pa(XVI) -poruka mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -rukia
  • Causative: -rukisha
  • Passive: -rukwa
  • Reciprocal: -rukana
  • Stative: -rukika

• Nominal derivations:
  • mrukaji (“jumper”)
  • urukaji (“jumping”)

• IPA^(key): /ˈɾu.ka/

ruka

1. to wrench

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫkà.

• IPA^(key): /ˈʀuka/
• Rhymes: -uka
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka
• Syllabification: ru‧ka

ruka f (anatomy)

1. hand (organ at the end of the upper limbs of man, which is used especially for grasping)
2. arm (part of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints)

• “ruka” in Soblex

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