Insyd epidemiology, a risk factor anaa determinant be a variable dem associate plus an increased risk of disease anaa infection.^[1]

Secof a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, insyd ein more widely scientific meaning dem accept, dem often dey use am as a synonym. De main difference dey lie insyd de realm of practice: medicine (clinical practice) versus public health. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of vitamin C be a known risk factor for developing scurvy. Specific to public health policy, a determinant be a health risk wey be general, abstract, related to inequalities, den difficult for an individual make dem control.^[2][3][4] For example, poverty be known to be a determinant of an individual ein standard of health.

Dem fi use risk factors make dem identify high-risk people.

De potentially confounding determinants dey vary plus wat outcome be studied, buh de general confounders wey dey follow be common to most epidemiological associations, wey e be determinants most commonly dem control for insyd epidemiological studies:

• Age (0 to 1.5 years for infants, 1.5 to 6 years give young kiddies, etc.)
• Sex anaa gender (Male anaa female)^[5]
• Ethnicity (Based on race)^[5]

Oda less commonly adjusted for possible confounders dey include:

• Social status/income^[1]
• Geographic location
• Genetic predisposition
• Gender identity
• Occupation
• Overwork^[6]
• Sexual orientation
• Level of chronic stress
• Diet
• Level of physical exercise
• Alcohol consumption den tobacco smoking
• Oda social determinants of health

Na dem coin de term "risk factor" by former Framingham Heart Study director, William B. Kannel insyd a 1961 article insyd Annals of Internal Medicine.^[7]

1. 1 2 Parritz, Robin Hornik (2017-05-24). Disorders of childhood: development and psychopathology. Troy, Michael F. (Michael Francis) (Thirded.). Boston, MA. ISBN9781337098113. OCLC960031712.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. ↑ Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring: 2. Understanding Health and Its Determinants: A Model of the Determinants of Health. National Academy of Sciences: National Academies Press: Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Using Performance Monitoring to Improve Community Health. 1997. ISBN978-0309055345. Unlike a biomedical model that views health as the absence of disease, this dynamic framework includes functional capacity and well-being as health outcomes of interest. It also presents the behavioral and biologic responses of individuals as factors that influence health but are themselves influenced by social, physical, and genetic factors that are beyond the control of the individual.
3. ↑ "Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Glossary of terms used". World Health Organization. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
4. ↑ "Health Impact Assessment (HIA): The determinants of health". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on May 30, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
5. 1 2 Mash, Eric J. (2019). Abnormal child psychology. Wolfe, David A. (David Allen), 1951- (Seventhed.). Boston, MA. ISBN9781337624268. OCLC1022139949.
6. ↑ Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021). "Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury". Environment International. 154: 106595. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595. ISSN0160-4120. PMC8204267. PMID34011457.
7. ↑ Husten, Larry (23 August 2011). "William Kannel, Former Director of the Framingham Heart Study, Dead at 87". Forbes.

• S. P. Case; K. R. Haines (2009). Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. Willan. 2009. ISBN 9781843923428.