Longgudong, an Early Pleistocene site in Jianshi, South China, with stratigraphic association of human teeth and lithics

• An Z S, Kun H C. 1989. New magnetostratigraphic dates of Lantian Homo erectus. Quat Res, 32: 213–221

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Barnes A S. 1939. The differences between natural and human flaking on prehistoric flint implements. Am Anthropol, 41: 99–112

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Boisserie J R, Guy F, Delagnes A, Hlukso L J, Bibi F, Beyene Y, Guillemot C. 2008. New palaeoanthropological research in the Plio-Pleistocene Omo group, Lower Omo Valley, SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Regions), Ethiopia. C R Palevol, 7: 429–439

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Chen C. 2000. The question and suggestion for lithics from the Renzidong site in Fanchang (in Chinese). In: Weekly of Chinese Cultural Relics

  Google Scholar 

• Cheng J, Gao Z J. 2004. The stratigraphic sections and their correlation at the Longgudong Cave (in Chinese). In: Zheng S H, ed. Jianshi Hominid Site. Beijing: Science Press. 13–25

  Google Scholar 

• Cheng J, Gao Z J, Zheng S H, Zhang Z Q, Liu L P. 2005. Chronological study of the early hominin and Gigantopithecus in Jianshi, Hubei (in Chinese). Progress Natural Sci, 15: 621–625

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Cheng J, Gao Z J, Zheng S H, Zhang Z Q, Liu L P, Feng X B, Wang X N. 2003. Study on the sediments of the Longgu Cave with Gigantopithecus at Gaoping, western Hubei, China (in Chinese). Geoscience, 17: 268–274

  Google Scholar 

• Ciochon R L. 2010. Divorcing hominins from the Stegodon-Ailuropoda Fauna: New views on the antiquity of hominins in Asia. In: Fleagle J G, Shea J J, Grine F E, Baden A L, Leakey R E, eds. Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. London: Springer Science & Business Media. 111–126

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Clarke R J. 2012. A Homo habilis maxilla and other newly-discovered hominid fossils from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J Human Evolution, 63: 418–428

  Article  Google Scholar 

• de la Torre I. 2004. Omo revisited: Evaluating the technological skills of Pliocene Hominids. Curr Anthropol, 45: 439–465

  Article  Google Scholar 

• de Lombera-Hermida A, Rodríguez-Álvarez X P, Peña L, Sala-Ramos R, Despriée J, Moncel M H, Gourcimault G, Voinchet P, Falguères C. 2016. The lithic assemblage from Pont-de-Lavaud (Indre, France) and the role of the bipolar-on-anvil technique in the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene technology. J Anthropol Archaeol, 41: 159–184

  Article  Google Scholar 

• de Lumley H, Li T Y. 2008. Le Site de L'Homme de Yunxian. Paris: CNRS Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations

  Google Scholar 

• Dennell R, Roebroeks W. 2005. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature, 438: 1099–1104

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dennell R W. 2015. The Jaramillo Subchron, a geochronological marker horizon in the palaeoanthropological record of China. Quat Int, 389: 241–254

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Etler D A. 2009. Mystery ape: Other fossils suggest that it's no mystery at all. Nature, 460: 684–684

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Etler D A, Crummett T L, Wolpoff M H. 2001. Longgupo: Early Homo colonizer or late pliocene Lufengpithecus survivor in south China? Hum Evol, 16: 1–12

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Etler D A, Zhou G X. 1998. Asian fossils and African origins. In: Abstracts for the Paleoanthropology Society Meetings. J Hum Evol, 34: A6

  Google Scholar 

• Gaillard C, Singh M, Malassé A D, Bhardwaj V, Karir B, Kaur A, Pal S, Moigne A M, Chapon Sao C, Abdessadok S, Gargani J, Tudryn A. 2016. The lithic industries on the fossiliferous outcrops of the Late Pliocene masol formation, Siwalik frontal range, northwestern India (Punjab). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15: 341–357

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gao J. 1975. Australopithecine teeth associated with Gigantopithecus (in Chinese). Vertebrate Palasiat, 13: 81–90

  Google Scholar 

• Gao X. 2015. On the age of Homo erectus yuanmounensis and related issues (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol Sin, 34: 442–450

  Google Scholar 

• Gao Z J, Cheng J. 2004. Palaeomagnetic dating of the Longgudong Cave (in Chinese). In: Zheng S H, ed. Jianshi Hominid Site. Beijing: Science Press. 318–325

  Google Scholar 

• Garcia T, Féraud G, Falguères C, de Lumley H, Perrenoud C, Lordkipanidze D. 2010. Earliest human remains in Eurasia: New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia. Quat Geochronol, 5: 443–451

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Goldman-Neuman T, Hovers E. 2012. Raw material selectivity in Late Pliocene Oldowan sites in the Makaamitalu Basin, Hadar, Ethiopia. J Human Evolution, 62: 353–366

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Granger D E, Gibbon R J, Kuman K, Clarke R J, Bruxelles L, Caffee M W. 2015. New cosmogenic burial ages for Sterkfontein Member 2 Australopithecus and Member 5 Oldowan. Nature, 522: 85–88

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Han F, Bahain J J, Deng C, Boëda É, Hou Y, Wei G, Huang W, Garcia T, Shao Q, He C, Falguères C, Voinchet P, Yin G. 2015. The earliest evidence of hominid settlement in China: Combined electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U-series) dating of mammalian fossil teeth from Longgupo cave. Quat Int, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.025?

  Google Scholar 

• Hou Y M, Zhao L X. 2010. New archaeological evidence for the earliest hominin presence in China. In: Fleagle J G, Shea J J, Grine F E, Baden A L, Leakey R E, eds. Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. London: Springer. 87–95

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Huang W B, Ciochon R, Gu Y M, Larick R, Fang Q R, Schwarcz H, Yonge C, de Vos J, Rink W. 1995. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature, 378: 275–278

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Huang W B, Ciochon G Y R, Qiren R L F, de Vos Henry Schwarcz J, Yonge W R C. 1996. Whose teeth? Nature, 381: 202

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Jia L P. 1965. The discovery and stratigraphical context of Lantian Homo erectus skull (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 6: 477–481

  Google Scholar 

• Jin C Z, Liu J Y. 2009. Paleolithic site-Renzidong Cave, Fanchang, Anhui Province (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press

  Google Scholar 

• Kimbel W H, Walter R C, Johanson D C, Reed K E, Aronson J L, Assefa Z, Marean C W, Eck G G, Bobe R, Hovers E, Rak Y, Vondra C, Yemane T, York D, Chen Y, Evensen N M, Smith P E. 1996. Late Pliocene Homoand Oldowan tools from the Hadar formation (Kada Hadar member), Ethiopia. J Human Evolution, 31: 549–561

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kong P, Jia J, Zheng Y. 2013. Cosmogenic ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be burial dating of the Paleolithic at Xihoudu, North China. J Human Evolution, 64: 466–470

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kuman K. 2014. Oldowan Industrial Complex. In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York: Springer. 5560–5570

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Li T Y, Etler D A. 1992. New Middle Pleistocene hominid crania from Yunxian in China. Nature, 357: 404–407

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Li T Y, Feng X B. 2001. Yunxian Man (in Chinese). Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press

  Google Scholar 

• Liu W, Clarke R, Xing S. 2010. Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi, Hubei Province, China. Sci China Earth Sci, 53: 1141–1152

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Liu W, Xing S, Zhang Y Y. 2015. Dental morphological variation and evolutionary implications of Homo erectus in China (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol Sin, 34: 425–441

  Google Scholar 

• López-García J M, Luzi E, Berto C, Peretto C, Arzarello M. 2015. Chronological context of the first hominin occurrence in southern Europe: the Allophaiomys ruffoi (Arvicolinae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Pirro 13 (Pirro Nord, Apulia, southwestern Italy). Quat Sci Rev, 107: 260–266

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de León M S, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire G P, Vekua A, Zollikofer C P E. 2013. A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of Early Homo. Science, 342: 326–331

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lowe C V R. 1955. The Kafuan culture. In: Proceedings of the Third Pan- African Congress on Prehistory. 207–209

  Google Scholar 

• Lu Z E. 2000. Several opinions on searching human ancestors and the related culture (in Chinese). In: Weekly of Chinese Cultural Relics

  Google Scholar 

• Lubinski P M, Terry K, McCutcheon P T. 2014. Comparative methods for distinguishing flakes from geofacts: A case study from the Wenas Creek Mammoth site. J Archaeol Sci, 52: 308–320

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dambricourt Malassé A. 2016. The first Indo-French prehistorical mission in Siwaliks and the discovery of anthropic activities at 2.6 million years. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15: 281–294

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nash D T. 1993. Distinguishing stone artifacts from naturefacts created by rockfall processes. In: Goldberg P, Nash D T, Petraglia M D, eds. Formation Processes in Archaeological Context. Madison: Prehistory Press. 125–138

  Google Scholar 

• Oakley K P. 1975. Man the Tool-Maker. 6th ed. London: Trustees of the British Museum

  Google Scholar 

• Patterson L W. 1983. Criteria for determining the attributes of man-made lithics. J Field Archaeol, 10: 297–307

  Google Scholar 

• Peacock E. 1991. Distinguishing between artifacts and geofacts: A test case from Eastern England. J Field Archaeol, 18: 345–361

  Google Scholar 

• Potts R, Teague R. 2010. Behavioral and environmental background to “Outof- Africa I” and the arrival of Homo erectus in East Asia. In: Fleagle J G, Shea J J, Grine F E, Baden A L, Leakey R E, eds. Out of Africa I: The first hominin colonization of Eurasia. London: Springer. 67–85

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Qian F, Pu Q Y, Wang D S. 1984. The discovery of the teeth of Yuanmou Man (in Chinese). In: Zhou G X, Zhang X Y, eds. Yuanmou Man. Kunming: Yunnan People’s Press. 3–7

• Qian F, Zhou G X. 1991. Quaternary geology and paleoanthropology of Yuanmou, Yunnan, China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press

  Google Scholar 

• Schwartz J H, Tattersall I. 1996. Whose teeth? Nature, 381: 201–202

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Shi L F, Wang X S, Yang Z Y. 2007. Magnetostratigraphic restudy of the Longgu Cave with the hominins fossils at Jianshi county, west Hubei (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 31: 400–406

  Google Scholar 

• Swisher C, Curtis G, Jacob T, Getty A, Suprijo A, Widiasmoro A. 1994. Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science, 263: 1118–1121

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tissoux H, Bahain J J, Li T Y, Feng X B, Li W S. 2008. Essai de datation par les methods de la résonance paramagnétique électronique et du déséquillibre dans les familles de l'uranium combines (RPE/U-Th) de dents d’herbivores et par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) de quartz blanchis extraits des sédiments fluviatiles provenant du site de l'Homme de Yunzian. In: de Lumley H, Li T Y, eds. Le site de l'homme de Yunxian: Quyuanhekou, Qingqu, Yunxian, Province du Hebei. Paris: CRNS Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. 237–252

  Google Scholar 

• Toro-Moyano I, Barsky D, Cauche D, Celiberti V, Grégoire S, Lebegue F, Moncel M H, de Lumley H. 2011. The archaic stone tool industry from Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3, (Orce, Spain): Evidence of the earliest hominin presence in southern Europe. Quat Int, 243: 80–91

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Toro-Moyano I, Martínez-Navarro B, Agustí J, Souday C, de Castro J M B, Martinón-Torres M, Fajardo B, Duval M, Falguères C, Oms O, Parés J M, Anadón P, Julià R, García-Aguilar J M, Moigne A, Espigares M P, Ros-Montoya S, Palmqvist P. 2013. The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain). J Hum Evol, 65: 1–9

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Toth N. 1985. The oldowan reassessed: A close look at early stone artifacts. J Archaeol Sci, 12: 101–120

  Article  Google Scholar 

• van Riet Lowe C. 1952. The Pleistocene geology and prehistory of Uganda. Uganda Geological Survey, No. 6. Authority of Uganda Govt

  Google Scholar 

• Villmoare B, Kimbel W H, Seyoum C, Campisano C J, Di Maggio E N, Rowan J, Braun D R, Arrowsmith J R, Reed K E. 2015. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia. Science, 347: 1352–1355

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wang W, Potts R, Hou Y M, Chen Y F, Wu H Y, Yuan B Y, Huang W W. 2005. Early Pleistocene hominid fossils newly discovered at the Mohui Cave in Guangxi’s Bubing Basin (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 50: 1879–1883

  Google Scholar 

• Wang W, Potts R, Baoyin Y, Huang W, Cheng H, Edwards R L, Ditchfield P. 2007. Sequence of mammalian fossils, including hominoid teeth, from the Bubing Basin caves, South China. J Human Evolution, 52: 370–379

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Warren S H. 1905. On the origin of eoliths. Man, 5: 179–183

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wei Q. 2000. The Early Pleistocene lithics in China (in Chinese). Story Cultural Rel, 2: 1–14

  Google Scholar 

• Wu X Z. 2000. Longgupo hominoid mandible belongs to ape (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol Sin, 19: 1–10

  Google Scholar 

• Yan G L. 1993. A Preliminary study on magnetic stratigraphy of the geological section with the fossil bed of Yunxian Homo of Hubei (in Chinese). Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci, 18: 221–226

  Google Scholar 

• Yang S X, Hou Y M, Yue J P, Petraglia M D, Deng C L, Zhu R X. 2016. The lithic assemblages of Xiaochangliang, Nihewan Basin: Implications for Early Pleistocene Hominin behaviour in North China. Plos One, 11: e0155793

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zaidner Y. 2013. Adaptive flexibility of Oldowan hominins: Secondary use of flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel. Plos One, 8: e66851

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhang S S, Han L G, Jin C Z, Wei G B, Zheng L T, Xu Q Q. 2000. On the artifacts unearthed from the Renzidong Paleolithic site in 1998 (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol Sin, 19: 169–186

  Google Scholar 

• Zhang Y P, Huang W P, Tang Y J, Ji H X, You Y Z, Tong Y S, Ding S Y, Huang X S, Zhang J J. 1978. Cenozoic of Lantian Area, Shaanxi. Memory Institute Vertebrate Palaeontol and Palaeoanthropol Academia Sinica A, 14 (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press

  Google Scholar 

• Zhang Y, Kono R T, Wang W, Harrison T, Takai M, Ciochon R L, Jin C. 2015. Evolutionary trend in dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki revisited. J Human Evolution, 83: 91–100

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhang Y Y. 1984. The “Australopithecus” of west Hubei and some Early Pleistocene hominids of Indonesia (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol Sin, 3: 85–92

  Google Scholar 

• Zheng S H. 2004. Jianshi Hominid Site (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press

  Google Scholar 

• Zheng S H, Zhang Z Q. 2001. Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene biostratigraphy of the Leijiahe area, Lingtai, Gantu (in Chinese). Vertebrate Palasiat, 39: 215–228

  Google Scholar 

• Zheng S H, Zhang Z Q. 2004. The age of fauna from the Longgudong site. In: Zheng S H, ed. Jianshi Hominid Site (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 309–317

  Google Scholar 

• Zhou G X. 1972. Discussion of the understanding of Yuanmou hominid (in Chinese). J Nat, 2: 169–172

  Google Scholar 

• Zhu R, An Z, Potts R, Hoffman K A. 2003. Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans in China. Earth-Sci Rev, 61: 341–359

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhu R X, Hoffman K A, Potts R, Deng C L, Pan Y X, Guo B, Shi C D, Guo Z T, Yuan B Y, Hou Y M, Huang W W. 2001. Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia. Nature, 413: 413–417

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhu R X, Potts R, Pan Y X, Yao H T, Lü L Q, Zhao X, Gao X, Chen L W, Gao F, Deng C L. 2008. Early evidence of the genus Homo in East Asia. J Human Evolution, 55: 1075–1085

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhu R X, Potts R, Xie F, Hoffman K A, Deng C L, Shi C D, Pan Y X, Wang H Q, Shi R P, Wang Y C, Shi G H, Wu N Q. 2004. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature, 431: 559–562

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhu Z Y, Dennell R, Huang W W, Wu Y, Rao Z G, Qiu S F, Xie J B, Liu W, Fu S Q, Han J W, Zhou H Y, Ou Yang T P, Li H M. 2015. New dating of the Homo erectus cranium from Lantian (Gongwangling), China. J Human Evolution, 78: 144–157

  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references