A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications

1. Goncalves AD, Balestri W, Reinwald Y (2020) Biomedical implants for regenerative therapies. Biomaterials. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91295

   Article  Google Scholar 

2. Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E et al (2007) Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(4):780–785. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.F.00222

   Article  Google Scholar 

3. Khosravi F, Khorasani SN, Khalili S et al (2020) Development of a highly proliferated bilayer coating on 316L stainless steel implants. Polymers 12(5):1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051022

   Article  Google Scholar 

4. Santos G (2017) The importance of metallic materials as biomaterials. Adv Tissue Eng Regen Med Open Access 3(1):300–302

   Google Scholar 

5. Sarraf M, Zalnezhad E, Bushroa AR et al (2014) Structural and mechanical characterization of Al/Al₂O₃ nanotube thin film on TiV alloy. Appl Surface Sci 321:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.10.040

   Article  Google Scholar 

6. Xu WC, Yu F, Yang LH et al (2018) Accelerated corrosion of 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluids in the presence of H₂O₂ and albumin. Mater Sci Eng C 92:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.023

   Article  Google Scholar 

7. Yamanaka K, Mori M, Kartika I et al (2019) Effect of multipass thermomechanical processing on the corrosion behaviour of biomedical Co–Cr–Mo alloys. Corrosion Sci 148:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.12.009

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Biesiekierski A, Munir K, Li YC et al (2020) Material selection for medical devices. Metallic Biomater Process Med Dev Manuf 2020:31–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102965-7.00002-3

   Article  Google Scholar 

9. Su EP, Justin DF, Pratt CR et al (2018) Effects of titanium nanotubes on the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation and antibacterial properties of orthopaedic implant surfaces. Bone Joint J 100-B(1 Supple A):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.100B1.BJJ-2017-0551.R1

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Kopova I, Kronek J, Bacakova L et al (2019) A cytotoxicity and wear analysis of trapeziometacarpal total joint replacement implant consisting of DLC-coated Co-Cr-Mo alloy with the use of titanium gradient interlayer. Diamond Related Mater 97:107456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107456

    Article  Google Scholar 

11. Bothe R (1940) Reaction of bone to multiple metallic implants. Surg Gynecol Obstet 71:598–602

    Google Scholar 

12. Kroll W (1940) The production of ductile titanium. Trans Electrochem Soc 78(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3071290

    Article  Google Scholar 

13. Leventhal GS (1951) Titanium, a metal for surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 33(2):473–474. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-195133020-00021

    Article  Google Scholar 

14. Beder OE, Stevenson JK, Jones TW (1957) A further investigation of the surgical application of titanium metal in dogs. Surgery 41(6):1012–1015 (PMID: 13442870)

    Google Scholar 

15. Martola M, Lindqvist C, Hänninen H et al (2007) Fracture of titanium plates used for mandibular reconstruction following ablative tumor surgery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 80(2):345–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30603

    Article  Google Scholar 

16. Van Noort R (1987) Titanium: the implant material of today. J Mater Sci 22(11):3801–3811. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01133326

    Article  Google Scholar 

17. Venkatesh B, Chen D, Bhole S (2008) Three-dimensional fractal analysis of fracture surfaces in a titanium alloy for biomedical applications. Scripta Mater 59(4):391–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.04.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

18. Ran J, Jiang FC, Sun XJ et al (2020) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by electron beam melting. Curr Comput-Aided Drug Des 10(11):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10110972

    Article  Google Scholar 

19. Fu Y, Xiao WL, Wang JS et al (2021) A novel strategy for developing α+β dual-phase titanium alloys with low Young’s modulus and high yield strength. J Mater Sci Technol 76:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

20. Semlitsch MF, Weber H, Streicher RM et al (1992) Joint replacement components made of hot-forged and surface-treated Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Biomaterials 13(11):781–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(92)90018-J

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Whittenberger JD, Moore TJ (1979) Elevated temperature flow strength, creep resistance and diffusion welding characteristics of Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo. Metallurgical Trans A 10(11):1597–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02811691

    Article  Google Scholar 

22. Hanawa T (2012) Research and development of metals for medical devices based on clinical needs. Sci Technol Adv Mater 13(6):064102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064102

    Article  Google Scholar 

23. Maehara K, Doi K, Matsushita T et al (2002) Application of vanadium-free titanium alloys to artificial hip joints. Mater Trans 43(12):2936–2942. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.2936

    Article  Google Scholar 

24. Aguilar C, Arancibia M, López LA et al (2019) Influence of porosity on the elastic modulus of Ti-Zr-Ta-Nb foams with a low Nb content. Metals 9(2):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020176

    Article  Google Scholar 

25. Wang KK, Gustavson LJ, Dumbleton JH (1996). Microstructure and properties of a new beta titanium alloy, Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe, developed for surgical implants. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE (Eds.), Medical Applications of Titanium and Its Alloys: the Material and Biological Issues, American Sociery for Testing and Materials, USA, p. 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP16071S

26. Im YD, Lee YK (2020) Effects of Mo concentration on recrystallization texture, deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of Ti–Mo binary alloys. J Alloys Compd 821:153508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153508

    Article  Google Scholar 

27. Pellizzari M, Jam A, Tachon M et al (2020) A 3D-printed ultra-low Young’s modulus β-Ti alloy for biomedical applications. Materials 13(12):2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122792

    Article  Google Scholar 

28. Koizumi H, Ishii T, Okazaki T et al (2018) Castability and mechanical properties of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy in dental casting. J Oral Sci 60(2):285–292. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.17-0280

    Article  Google Scholar 

29. Okazaki Y (2001) A new Ti–15Zr–4Nb–4Ta alloy for medical applications. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 5(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(00)00025-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

30. Matsuda Y, Nakamura T, Ido M et al (1997) Femoral component made of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy in total hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Sci 2(3):166–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492973

    Article  Google Scholar 

31. Bruschi M, Steinmüller-Nethl D, Goriwoda W et al (2015) Composition and modifications of dental implant surfaces. J Oral Implants 2015:527426. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/527426

    Article  Google Scholar 

32. Ida K, Togaya T, Tsutsumi S et al (1982) Effect of magnesia investments in the dental casting of pure titanium or titanium alloys. Dent Mater J 1(1):8–21. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.1.8

    Article  Google Scholar 

33. Marteleur M, Sun F, Gloriant T et al (2012) On the design of new β-metastable titanium alloys with improved work hardening rate thanks to simultaneous TRIP and TWIP effects. Scripta Mater 66(10):749–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

34. Buehler WJ, Gilfrich JV, Wiley R (1963) Effect of low-temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi. J Appl Phys 34(5):1475–1477. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1729603

    Article  Google Scholar 

35. Luo Y, Yang L, Tian M (2013) Application of biomedical-grade titanium alloys in trabecular bone and artificial joints. In: Davim P (Ed.), Biomaterials and Medical Tribology. Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, p. 181–216. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092205.181

36. Xue L, Koul AK, Bibby M et al (1970) A survey of surface treatments to improve the fretting fatigue resistance of Ti-6Al-4V. WIT Trans Eng Sci 8:265–272. https://doi.org/10.2495/SURF950311

    Article  Google Scholar 

37. Hanawa T (2019) Overview of metals and applications. In Niinomi M (Ed.), Metals for Biomedical Devices, Woodhead Publishing, p.3–24. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845699246.1.3

38. Semlitsch M, Staub F, Weber H (1985) Titanium-aluminium-niobium alloy, development for biocompatible, high strength surgical implants - Titan-Aluminium-NIOB-Legierung, entwickelt für körperverträgliche, hochfeste implantate in der chirurgie. Biomed Eng Biomed Technik 30(12):334–339. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmte.1985.30.12.334

    Article  Google Scholar 

39. Bhambri SK, Shetty RH, Gilbertson LN (1996) Optimization of properties of Ti-15Mo-2.8Nb-3Al-0.2Si & Ti-15Mo-2.8Nb-0.2Si-.260 beta titanium alloys for application in prosthetic implants. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE (Eds.), Medical Applications of Titanium and Its Alloys: the Material and Biological Issues. American Sociery for Testing and Materials, USA, p. 88–95

    Google Scholar 

40. Niinomi M (1998) Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 243(1–2):231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00806-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

41. Elias L, Schneider SG, Schneider S et al (2006) Microstructural and mechanical characterization of biomedical Ti–Nb–Zr (–Ta) alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 432(1–2):108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

42. Hao Y, Yang R, Niinomi M et al (2003) Aging response of the Young’s modulus and mechanical properties of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-46 Zr for biomedical applications. Metallurgical Mater Trans A 34(4):1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-003-0230-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

43. Xu L, Chen YY, Liu ZG et al (2008) The microstructure and properties of Ti–Mo–Nb alloys for biomedical application. J Alloys Compd 453(1–2):320–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.144

    Article  Google Scholar 

44. Yang R, Hao Y, Li S (2011) Development and application of low-modulus biomedical titanium alloy Ti2448. Biomed Eng Trends 10:225–247. https://doi.org/10.5772/13269

    Article  Google Scholar 

45. Warburton A, Girdler SJ, Mikhail CM et al (2020) Biomaterials in spinal implants: a review. Neurospine 17(1):101. https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1938296.148

    Article  Google Scholar 

46. Tan JH, Cheong CK, Hey HWD (2021) Titanium (Ti) cages may be superior to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and radiological outcomes of spinal interbody fusions using Ti versus PEEK cages. Europ Spine J 30(5):1285–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06748-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

47. Alvarez AG, Evans PL, Dovgalski L et al (2021) Design, additive manufacture and clinical application of a patient-specific titanium implant to anatomically reconstruct a large chest wall defect. Rapid Prototyping J 27(2):1355–2546

    Google Scholar 

48. Baltatu MS, Tugui CA, Perju MC, et al (2019). Biocompatible titanium alloys used in medical applications. Rev Chim 70(4):1302–1306. https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.19.4.7114

49. Vijayavenkataraman S, Gopinath A, Lu WF (2020) A new design of 3D-printed orthopedic bone plates with auxetic structures to mitigate stress shielding and improve intra-operative bending. Bio-Des Manuf 3:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-020-00066-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

50. Shakir DA, Abdul-Ameer FM (2018) Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 13(3):281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

51. Cevik P, Eraslan O (2017) Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthodontics C 26(7):611–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12438

    Article  Google Scholar 

52. Asserghine A, Filotás D, Németh B et al (2018) Potentiometric scanning electrochemical microscopy for monitoring the pH distribution during the self-healing of passive titanium dioxide layer on titanium dental root implant exposed to physiological buffered (PBS) medium. Electrochem Commun 95:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

53. Das R, Bhattacharjee C (2019). Titanium-based nanocomposite materials for dental implant systems. In Asiri AM, Inamuddin, Mohammad A (Eds.), Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Dentistry, Woodhead Publishing, p.271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813742-0.00016-X

54. Niinomi M (2003) Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods. Sci Technol Adv Mater 4(5):445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2003.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

55. Herrmann H, Kern JS, Kern T et al (2020) Early and mature biofilm on four different dental implant materials: an in vivo human study. Clin Oral Implants Res 31(11):1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.13656

    Article  Google Scholar 

56. Wu C, Wang Q, Mao T et al (2019) Relationship between lattice defects and phase transformation in hydrogenation/dehydrogenation process of the V₆₀Ti₂₅Cr₃Fe₁₂ alloy. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44(18):9368–9377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.097

    Article  Google Scholar 

57. Shahryari L, JavidSharifi B, Dabaghmanesh M (2019) A case study of performance improvement of femur prosthesis. J Struct Eng Geo-Techn 10(2):57–75

    Google Scholar 

58. Kumari N, Kumar K (2017). Mechanisms and materials of orthotic calipers for polio infected patients—a review. Proc 2nd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), p.7–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CT.2017.8226086

59. Zhu Y, Liu DD, Wang XL et al (2019) Polydopamine-mediated covalent functionalization of collagen on a titanium alloy to promote biocompatibility with soft tissues. J Mater Chem B 7(12):2019–2031. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb03379j

    Article  Google Scholar 

60. Hol MK, Cremers CWRJ, Coppens-Schellekens W et al (2005) The BAHA softband: a new treatment for young children with bilateral congenital aural atresia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 69(7):973–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.02.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

61. Ferreira CC, Ricci VP, Sousa LL et al (2017) Improvement of titanium corrosion resistance by coating with poly-caprolactone and poly-caprolactone/titanium dioxide: potential application in heart valves. Mater Res 20:126–133. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-0425

    Article  Google Scholar 

62. Aikawa Y, Kataoka Y, Kanaya T et al (2018) Procedural challenge of coronary catheterization for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patient who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement using the CoreValveTM. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 8(2):190–195. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2018.04.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

63. King MW, Bambharoliya T, Ramakrishna H et al (2020) Evolution of angioplasty devices. In Coronary Artery Disease and the Evolution of Angioplasty Devices, Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

64. Meininghaus DG, Kruells-Muench J, Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H (2020) First-in-man implantation of a gold-coated biventricular defibrillator: difficult differential diagnosis of metal hypersensitivity reaction vs chronic device infection. HeartRhythm Case Rep 6(6):304–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrcr.2020.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

65. Kashin OA, Krukovskii KV, Lotkov AI (2018). Opportunities and prospects for the use of porous silicon to create a polymer-free drug coating on intravascular stents. AIP Conf Proc 2051(1):020119–020119–4.

66. Suzuki T, Tokuda Y, Kobayashi H (2017) The development of yellow nail syndrome after the implantation of a permanent cardiac pacemaker. Intern Med 56(19):2667–2669. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8769-16

    Article  Google Scholar 

67. Olin C (2001) Titanium in cardiac and cardiovascular applications. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M et al (Eds.), Titanium in Medicine, Springer, p.889–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56486-4_26

68. Martov AG, Plekhanova OA, Ergakov DV et al (2020) Thermoexpandable urethral nickel–titanium stent memokath for managing urethral bulbar stricture after failed urethroplasty. J Endourol Case Rep 6(3):147–149. https://doi.org/10.1089/cren.2019.0146

    Article  Google Scholar 

69. Froes F, Qian M (2018) Titanium in medical and dental applications. Woodhead Publishing

    Google Scholar 

70. Froes FS (2018). Titanium for medical and dental applications—an introduction. In Froes FH, Qian M (Eds.), Titanium in Medical and Dental Applications, Woodhead Publishing, p.3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812456-7.00001-9

71. Abecassis IJ, Sen RD, Ellenbogen RG et al (2021) Developing microsurgical milestones for psychomotor skills in neurological surgery residents as an adjunct to operative training: the home microsurgery laboratory. J Neurosurg 135(1):318–326. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.5.JNS201590

    Article  Google Scholar 

72. Glenn CA, Baker CM, Burks JD et al (2018) Dural closure in confined spaces of the skull base with nonpenetrating titanium clips. Operative Neurosurg 14(4):375–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opx140

    Article  Google Scholar 

73. Gunawarman B, Niinomi M, Akahori T et al (2005) Mechanical properties and microstructures of low cost β titanium alloys for healthcare applications. Mater Sci Eng C 25(3):304–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.12.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

74. Hong SH, Hwang YJ, Park SW et al (2019) Low-cost beta titanium cast alloys with good tensile properties developed with addition of commercial material. J Alloys Compd 793:271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.200

    Article  Google Scholar 

75. Abdalla AO, Amrin A, Muhammad S et al (2017) Iron as a promising alloying element for the cost reduction of titanium alloys: a review. Appl Mech Mater 864:147–153. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.864.147

    Article  Google Scholar 

76. Khorasani AM, Goldberg M, Doeven EH et al (2015) Titanium in biomedical applications—properties and fabrication: a review. J Biomater Tissue Eng 5(8):593–619. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2015.1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

77. Stepanovskaa J, Matejka R, Rosina J et al (2019) Treatments for enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium implants: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 164(1):23–33. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2019.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

78. Khodaei M, Kelishadi SH (2018) The effect of different oxidizing ions on hydrogen peroxide treatment of titanium dental implant. Surface Coatings Technol 353:158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

79. Huang J, Chen HZ, Pan W et al (2020) Effect of nitrogen on the microstructures and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy additively manufactured via tungsten inert gas welding. Mater Today Commun 24:101171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101171

    Article  Google Scholar 

80. Baig MN, Khan FN, Junaid M (2007) Comparison of microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stresses in tungsten inert gas, laser, and electron beam welding of Ti–5Al–2.5 Sn titanium alloy. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl 233(7):1336–1351

    Google Scholar 

81. Paranthaman V, Dhinakaran V, Swapna Sai M et al (2021) A systematic review of fatigue behaviour of laser welding titanium alloys. Mater Today Proc 39(1):520–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.249

    Article  Google Scholar 

82. Kumar SR, Kulkarni SK (2017) Analysis of hard machining of titanium alloy by Taguchi method. Mater Today Proc 4(10):10729–10738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.08.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

83. Sadeghpour S, Abbasi SM, Morakabati M et al (2018) A new multi-element beta titanium alloy with a high yield strength exhibiting transformation and twinning induced plasticity effects. Scripta Mater 145:104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.10.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

84. Hao X, Dong HG, Xia YQ et al (2019) Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded TC4 titanium alloy/304 stainless steel joint with (CoCrFeNi)_100−xCu_x high-entropy alloy interlayer. J Alloys Compd 803:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.225

    Article  Google Scholar 

85. Al-Murshdy JMS, Ghayyib BJ (2019) Effect of heat treatment on properties of titanium biomedical alloy. J Univ Babylon Eng Sci 27(1):232–246

    Google Scholar 

86. Koizumi H, Takeuchi Y, Imai H et al (2019) Application of titanium and titanium alloys to fixed dental prostheses. J Prosthodont Res 63(3):266–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpor.2019.04.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

87. Łęcka K, Gąsiorek J, Mazur-Nowacka A et al (2019) Adhesion and corrosion resistance of laser-oxidized titanium in potential biomedical application. Surface Coatings Technol 366:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.03.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

88. Sarraf M, Sukiman NL, Nasiri-Tabrizi B et al (2019) In vitro bioactivity and corrosion resistance enhancement of Ti-6Al-4V by highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays. J Aust Ceramic Soc 55(1):187–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-0224-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

89. Cora ÖN, Koç M (2019) Micromanufacturing. Mod Manuf Process 7:149–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119120384.ch7

    Article  Google Scholar 

90. Verma RP (2020) Titanium based biomaterial for bone implants: a mini review. Mater Today Proc 26:3148–3151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.649

    Article  Google Scholar 

91. Rafieerad A, Bushroa AR, Zalnezhad E et al (2015) Microstructural development and corrosion behavior of self-organized TiO₂ nanotubes coated on Ti–6Al–7Nb. Ceramics Int 41(9):10844–10855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

92. Gong D, Wang HL, Obbard EG et al (2020) Tuning thermal expansion by a continuing atomic rearrangement mechanism in a multifunctional titanium alloy. J Mater Sci Technol 80:234–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.053

    Article  Google Scholar 

93. Heary RF, Parvathreddy N, Sampath S et al (2017). Elastic modulus in the selection of interbody implants. J Spine Surg 3(2):163–167. https://doi.org/10.21037/jss.2017.05.01

94. Suzuki G, Hirota M, Hoshi N (2019) Effect of surface treatment of multi-directionally forged (MDF) titanium implant on bone response. Metals 9(2):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020230

    Article  Google Scholar 

95. Fousova M, Vojtech D, Jablonska E et al (2017) Novel approach in the use of plasma spray: preparation of bulk titanium for bone augmentations. Materials 10(9):987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10090987

    Article  Google Scholar 

96. Kholgh Eshkalak S, Rezvani Ghomi E, Dai YQ et al (2020) The role of three-dimensional printing in healthcare and medicine. Mater Des 194:108940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108940

    Article  Google Scholar 

97. Niinomi M, Liu Y, Nakai M et al (2016) Biomedical titanium alloys with Young’s moduli close to that of cortical bone. Regenerative biomaterials 3(3):173–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbw016

    Article  Google Scholar 

98. O’Brien T, Weisman DS, Ronchetti P et al (2004) Flexible titanium nailing for the treatment of the unstable pediatric tibial fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 24(6):601–609. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004694-200411000-00001

    Article  Google Scholar 

99. Niinomi M, Nakai M, Hieda J (2012) Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 8(11):3888–3903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

100. Niinomi M (2011) Low modulus titanium alloys for inhibiting bone atrophy. Biomater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.5772/24549

     Article  Google Scholar 

101. Kondoh K, Umeda J, Soba R, et al (2018). Advanced TiNi shape memory alloy stents fabricated by a powder metallurgy route. In Froes FH, Qian M (Eds.), Titanium in Medical and Dental Applications, Woodhead Publishing, p.583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812456-7.00027-5

102. Plaine AH, da Silva MR, Bolfarini C (2019). Microstructure and elastic deformation behavior of β-type Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr with promising mechanical properties for stent applications. J Mater Res Technol 8(5):3852–3858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.047

103. Li P, Ma XD, Tong T et al (2019) Microstructural and mechanical properties of β-type Ti–Nb–Sn biomedical alloys with low elastic modulus. Metals 9(6):712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152412

     Article  Google Scholar 

104. Kim HY, Ohmatsu Y, Kim JI et al (2004) Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of Ti-Mo-Ga alloys. Mater Trans 45(4):1090–1095. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.1090

     Article  Google Scholar 

105. Miyazaki S, Kim HY, Hosoda H (2006) Development and characterization of Ni-free Ti-base shape memory and superelastic alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 438:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.054

     Article  Google Scholar 

106. Shinohara Y, Matsumoto Y, Tahara M et al (2018) Development of <001>-fiber texture in cold-groove-rolled Ti-Mo-Al-Zr biomedical alloy. Materialia 1:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2018.07.008

     Article  Google Scholar 

107. Maeshima T, Nishida M (2004) Shape memory and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-Sc-Mo alloys. Mater Trans 45(4):1101–1105. https://doi.org/10.2320/MATERTRANS.45.1101

     Article  Google Scholar 

108. Li B, Xie R, Lu X (2020) Microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of porous Ti–Ta–Nb–Zr. Bioactive Mater 5(3):564–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.014

     Article  Google Scholar 

109. Dorozhkin SV (2017) Calcium orthophosphate coatings and other deposits. Front Nanobiomed Res 3:1–84. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-0517-1-1

     Article  Google Scholar 

110. Gallinetti S, Kihlstrom Burenstam Linder L, Åberg J et al (2021) Titanium reinforced calcium phosphate improves bone formation and osteointegration in ovine calvaria defects: a comparative 52-weeks study. Biomed Mater 16(3):035031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/abca12

     Article  Google Scholar 

111. Domínguez-Trujillo C, Peón E, Chicardi E et al (2018) Sol-gel deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on porous titanium for biomedical applications. Surface Coatings Technol 333:158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.10.079

     Article  Google Scholar 

112. Hu C, Aindow M, Wei M (2017) Focused ion beam sectioning studies of biomimetic hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti-6Al-4V substrates. Surface Coatings Technol 313:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.103

     Article  Google Scholar 

113. Ke D, Vu AA, Bandyopadhyay A (2019) Compositionally graded doped hydroxyapatite coating on titanium using laser and plasma spray deposition for bone implants. Acta Biomater 84:414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.041

     Article  Google Scholar 

114. Cao J, Lian R, Jiang XH (2020) Magnesium and fluoride doped hydroxyapatite coatings grown by pulsed laser deposition for promoting titanium implant cytocompatibility. Appl Surface Sci 515:146069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146069

     Article  Google Scholar 

115. Ambrogio G, Palumbo G, Sgambitterra E et al (2018) Experimental investigation of the mechanical performances of titanium cranial prostheses manufactured by super plastic forming and single-point incremental forming. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 98(5):1489–1503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2338-6

     Article  Google Scholar 

116. Alagarsamy K, Vishwakarma V, Kaliaraj GS (2019) Synthesis and characterization of bioactive composite coating on titanium by PVD for biomedical application. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 561:012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/561/1/012027

     Article  Google Scholar 

117. Won S, Huh YH, Cho LR et al (2017) Cellular response of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells to titanium surfaces implanted with calcium and magnesium ions. Tissue Eng Regener Med 14(2):123–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0028-3

     Article  Google Scholar 

118. Karimi N, Kharaziha M, Raeissi K (2019) Electrophoretic deposition of chitosan reinforced graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite on the anodized titanium to improve biological and electrochemical characteristics. Mater Sci Eng C 98:140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.136

     Article  Google Scholar 

119. Lu M, Chen H, Yuan B et al (2020) Electrochemical deposition of nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating on titanium with enhanced early stage osteogenic activity and osseointegration. Int J Nanomed 15:6605–6618. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S268372

     Article  Google Scholar 

120. Kokubo T, Yamaguchi S (2016) Novel bioactive materials developed by simulated body fluid evaluation: surface-modified ti metal and its alloys. Acta Biomater 44:16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.013

     Article  Google Scholar 

121. Hanawa T (2019) Titanium–tissue interface reaction and its control with surface treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00170

     Article  Google Scholar 

122. Surender L, Rekha RK, Veerendra NRP et al (2011) Surface characteristics of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration. Indian J Dent Adv 3(3):602–612

     Article  Google Scholar 

123. Le Guéhennec L, Soueidan A, Layrolle P et al (2007) Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration. Dent mater 23(7):844–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.025

     Article  Google Scholar 

124. Yu M, Gong JX, Zhou Y et al (2017) Surface hydroxyl groups regulate the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on titanium and tantalum metals. J Mater Chem B 5(21):3955–3963. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00111h

     Article  Google Scholar 

125. Paradowska E, Arkusz K, Pijanowska DG (2019) The influence of the parameters of a gold nanoparticle deposition method on titanium dioxide nanotubes, their electrochemical response, and protein adsorption. Biosensors 9(4):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9040138

     Article  Google Scholar 

126. Jia E, Zhao X, Lin Y et al (2020) Protein adsorption on titanium substrates and its effects on platelet adhesion. Appl Surface Sci 529:146986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146986

     Article  Google Scholar 

127. Hiji A, Hanawa T, Shimabukuro M et al (2021) Initial formation kinetics of calcium phosphate on titanium in Hanks’ solution characterized using XPS. Surface Interf Anal 53(2):185–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6900

     Article  Google Scholar 

128. Sarraf M, Dabbagh A, Abdul Razak B et al (2018) Highly-ordered TiO₂ nanotubes decorated with Ag₂O nanoparticles for improved biofunctionality of Ti6Al4V. Surface Coatings Technol 349:1008–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.054

     Article  Google Scholar 

129. Souza JC, Sordi MB, Kanazawa M et al (2019) Nano-scale modification of titanium implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration. Acta Biomater 94:112–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.045

     Article  Google Scholar 

130. Rezvani Ghomi E, Eshkalak Saeideh K, Singh S et al (2021) Fused filament printing of specialized biomedical devices: a state-of-the art review of technological feasibilities with PEEK. Rapid Prototyping J 27(3):592–616. https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2020-0139

     Article  Google Scholar 

131. Stacchi C, Barlone L, Rapani A et al (2020) Modified orthodontic bone stretching for ankylosed tooth repositioning: a case report. Open Dent J 14(1):235–239. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210602014010235

     Article  Google Scholar 

132. Wang C, Wang SN, Yang YY et al (2018) Bioinspired, biocompatible and peptide-decorated silk fibroin coatings for enhanced osteogenesis of bioinert implant. J Biomater Sci Polymer Ed 29(13):1595–1611. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2018.1477316

     Article  Google Scholar 

133. Romanov DA, Sosnin KV, Filyakov AD et al (2021) The effect of bioinert electroexplosive coatings on stress distribution near the dental implant-bone interface. Mater Res Expr 8(1):015016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abd664

     Article  Google Scholar 

134. Siddiqi A, Payne AGT, De Silva RK et al (2011) Titanium allergy: could it affect dental implant integration? Clin Oral Implants Res 22(7):673–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02081.x

     Article  Google Scholar 

135. Wang X, Lu L, Feng Y et al (2019) Macrophage polarization in aseptic bone resorption around dental implants induced by Ti particles in a murine model. J Periodont Res 54(4):329–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12633

     Article  Google Scholar 

136. Civantos A, Domínguez C, Pino RJ et al (2019) Designing bioactive porous titanium interfaces to balance mechanical properties and in vitro cells behavior towards increased osseointegration. Surface Coatings Technol 368:162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.03.001

     Article  Google Scholar 

137. Wang Q, Zhou P, Liu SF et al (2020) Multi-scale surface treatments of titanium implants for rapid osseointegration: a review. Nanomaterials 10(6):1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061244

     Article  Google Scholar 

138. Taniyama T, Saruta J, Rezaei NM et al (2020) UV-photofunctionalization of titanium promotes mechanical anchorage in a rat osteoporosis model. Int J Mol Sci 21(4):1235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041235

     Article  Google Scholar 

139. Zhang H, Komasa S, Mashimo C et al (2017) Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures. Int J Nanomed 12:4633. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S136273

     Article  Google Scholar 

140. Itabashi T, Narita K, Ono A et al (2017) Bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of pure titanium and titanium alloy treated with short-term, low-energy UV irradiation. Bone Joint Res 6(2):108–112. https://doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.62.2000619

     Article  Google Scholar 

141. Javadhesari SM, Alipour S, Akbarpour M (2020) Biocompatibility, osseointegration, antibacterial and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ti-Cu alloy as a new orthopedic material. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerf 189:110889

     Article  Google Scholar 

142. Bono N, Ponti F, Punta C et al (2021) Effect of UV irradiation and TiO₂-photocatalysis on airborne bacteria and viruses: an overview. Materials 14(5):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051075

     Article  Google Scholar 

143. Guo C, Wang K, Hou S et al (2017) H₂O₂ and/or TiO₂ photocatalysis under UV irradiation for the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes. J Hazardous Mater 323:710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.041

     Article  Google Scholar 

144. Chouirfa H, Bouloussa H, Migonney V et al (2019) Review of titanium surface modification techniques and coatings for antibacterial applications. Acta Biomater 83:37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.036

     Article  Google Scholar 

145. Sarraf M, Dabbagh A, Razak BA et al (2018) Silver oxide nanoparticles-decorated tantala nanotubes for enhanced antibacterial activity and osseointegration of Ti6Al4V. Mater Des 154:28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.025

     Article  Google Scholar 

146. Wang Y, Zhang MJ, Li KM et al (2021) Study on the surface properties and biocompatibility of nanosecond laser patterned titanium alloy. Optics Laser Technol 139:106987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106987

     Article  Google Scholar 

147. Taherian M, Rezazadeh M, Taji A (2021) Optimum surface roughness for titanium-coated PEEK produced by electron beam PVD for orthopedic applications. Mater Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2020.1868209

     Article  Google Scholar 

148. Hwang YJ, Choi YS, Hwang YH et al (2021) Biocompatibility and biological corrosion resistance of Ti–39Nb–6Zr+045Al implant alloy. J Funct Biomater 12(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb12010002

     Article  Google Scholar 

149. Fathyunes L, Khalil-Allaf J, Moosavifa M (2019) Development of graphene oxide/calcium phosphate coating by pulse electrodeposition on anodized titanium: biocorrosion and mechanical behavior. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 90:575–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.11.011

     Article  Google Scholar 

150. Vogel D, Dempwolf H, Baumann A et al (2017) Characterization of thick titanium plasma spray coatings on PEEK materials used for medical implants and the influence on the mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater B 77:600–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.027

     Article  Google Scholar 

151. Lukaszewska-Kuska M, Wirstlein P, Majchrowski R et al (2018) Osteoblastic cell behaviour on modified titanium surfaces. Micron 105:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2017.11.010

     Article  Google Scholar 

152. Guillem-Marti J, Boix Lemonche G, Gugutkov D et al (2018) Recombinant fibronectin fragment III8-10/polylactic acid hybrid nanofibers enhance the bioactivity of titanium surface. Nanomedicine 13(8):899–912. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0342

     Article  Google Scholar 

153. Sarraf M, Razak BA, Nasiri-Tabrizi B et al (2017) Nanomechanical properties, wear resistance and in-vitro characterization of Ta₂O₅ nanotubes coating on biomedical grade Ti–6Al–4V. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 66:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.012

     Article  Google Scholar 

154. Zhou L, Pan M, Zhang ZH et al (2021) Enhancing osseointegration of TC4 alloy by surficial activation through biomineralization method. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.639835

     Article  Google Scholar 

155. Sarraf M, Razak A, Crum R et al (2017) Adhesion measurement of highly-ordered TiO₂ nanotubes on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Proc Appl Ceramics 11(4):311–321. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAC1704311S

     Article  Google Scholar 

156. Sarraf M, Zalnezhad E, Bushroa AR et al (2015) Effect of microstructural evolution on wettability and tribological behavior of TiO₂ nanotubular arrays coated on Ti–6Al–4V. Ceramics Int 41(6):7952–7962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.02.136

     Article  Google Scholar 

157. Praharaj R, Mishra S, Rautray TR (2020) The structural and bioactive behaviour of strontium-doped titanium dioxide nanorods. J Korean Ceramic Soc 57(3):271–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43207-020-00027-y

     Article  Google Scholar 

158. Zalnezhad E, Maleki E, Banihashemian SM et al (2016) Wettability, structural and optical properties investigation of TiO₂ nanotubular arrays. Mater Res Bull 78:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.01.035

     Article  Google Scholar 

159. Kunrath MF, Vargas ALM, Sesterheim P et al (2020) Extension of hydrophilicity stability by reactive plasma treatment and wet storage on TiO₂ nanotube surfaces for biomedical implant applications. J Royal Soc Interf 17(170):20200650. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0650

     Article  Google Scholar 

160. Sarraf M, Razak BA, Dabbagh A et al (2016) Optimizing PVD conditions for electrochemical anodization growth of well-adherent Ta₂O₅ nanotubes on Ti–6Al–4V alloy. RSC Adv 6(82):78999–79015. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA11290K

     Article  Google Scholar 

161. Cui C, Liu H, Li YC et al (2015) Fabrication and biocompatibility of nano-TiO₂/titanium alloys biomaterials. Mater Lett 59(24–25):3144–3148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.037

     Article  Google Scholar 

162. Smeets R, Precht C, Hahn M et al (2017) Biocompatibility and osseointegration of titanium implants with a silver-doped polysiloxane coating: an in vivo pig model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 32(6):1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.5533

     Article  Google Scholar 

163. Rashid S, Sebastiani M, Zeeshan Mughal M et al (2021) Influence of the silver content on mechanical properties of Ti-Cu-Ag thin films. Nanomaterials 11(2):435. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020435

     Article  Google Scholar 

164. Bui VD, Mwangi JW, Meinshausen AK et al (2020) Antibacterial coating of Ti-6Al-4V surfaces using silver nano-powder mixed electrical discharge machining. Surface Coatings Technol 383:125254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125254

     Article  Google Scholar 

165. Gaviria J, Alcudia A, Begines B et al (2021) Synthesis and deposition of silver nanoparticles on porous titanium substrates for biomedical applications. Surface Coatings Technol 406:126667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126667

     Article  Google Scholar 

166. Mandakhalikar KD, Wang R, Rahmat JN et al (2018) Restriction of in vivo infection by antifouling coating on urinary catheter with controllable and sustained silver release: a proof of concept study. BMC Infect Dis 18(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3296-1

     Article  Google Scholar 

167. Kheur S, Singh N, Bodas D et al (2017) Nanoscale silver depositions inhibit microbial colonization and improve biocompatibility of titanium abutments. Colloids Surf B Biointerf 159:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.079

     Article  Google Scholar 

168. Ewald A, Glückermann SK, Thull R et al (2006) Antimicrobial titanium/silver PVD coatings on titanium. Biomed Eng Online 5(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-5-22

     Article  Google Scholar 

169. Sidambe AT (2014) Biocompatibility of advanced manufactured titanium implants—a review. Mater 7(12):8168–8188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7128168

     Article  Google Scholar 

170. Jang TS, Kim DE, Han G et al (2020) Powder based additive manufacturing for biomedical application of titanium and its alloys: a review. Biomed Eng Lett 10(4):505–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-020-00177-2

     Article  Google Scholar 

171. Chen Y, Clark S, Sinclair L et al (2021) Synchrotron X-ray imaging of directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of titanium alloy Ti-6242. Addit Manuf 41:101969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101969

     Article  Google Scholar 

172. Dong Y, Li YL, Zhou SY et al (2021) Cost-affordable Ti-6Al-4V for additive manufacturing: powder modification, compositional modulation and laser in-situ alloying. Addit Manuf 37:101699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101699

     Article  Google Scholar 

173. Barthel B, Janas F, Wieland S (2021) Powder condition and spreading parameter impact on green and sintered density in metal binder jetting. Powder Metall. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2021.1912923

     Article  Google Scholar 

174. Bieske J, Franke M, Schloffer M et al (2020) Microstructure and properties of TiAl processed via an electron beam powder bed fusion capsule technology. Intermetallics 126:106929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106929

     Article  Google Scholar 

175. Kalayda T, Kirsankin A, Ivannikov AY et al (2021) The plasma atomization process for the Ti-Al-V powder production. J Phys Conf Ser 1942:012046

     Article  Google Scholar 

176. Perminov A, Bartzsch G, Franke A et al (2021) Manufacturing Fe–TiC Composite powder via inert gas atomization by forming reinforcement phase in situ. Adv Eng Mater 23(3):2000717. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000717

     Article  Google Scholar 

177. Nie Y, Tang JJ, Ye XJ et al (2020) Particle defects and related properties of metallic powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process. Adv Powder Technol 31(7):2912–2920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.05.018

     Article  Google Scholar 

178. Taniguchi N, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M et al (2016) Effect of pore size on bone ingrowth into porous titanium implants fabricated by additive manufacturing: an in vivo experiment. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 59:690–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.069

     Article  Google Scholar 

179. Wang X, Xu SQ, Zhou SW et al (2016) Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: a review. Biomaterials 83:127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012

     Article  Google Scholar 

180. Ragone V, Canciani E, Arosio M et al (2020) In vivo osseointegration of a randomized trabecular titanium structure obtained by an additive manufacturing technique. J Mater Sci Mater Med 31(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6357-0

     Article  Google Scholar 

181. Barba D, Alabort E, Reed R (2019) Synthetic bone: design by additive manufacturing. Acta Biomater 97:637–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.049

     Article  Google Scholar 

182. Egan DS, Dowling DP (2019) Influence of process parameters on the correlation between in-situ process monitoring data and the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V non-stochastic cellular structures. Addit Manuf 30:100890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100890

     Article  Google Scholar 

183. Trevisan F, Calignano F, Aversa A et al (2018) Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys in the biomedical field: processes, properties and applications. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 16(2):57–67. https://doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000371

     Article  Google Scholar 

184. Dhiman S, Sidhu SS, Singh P et al (2019) Mechanobiological assessment of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated via selective laser melting technique: a review. Rapid Prototyping J 25:1266–1284. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2019-0057

     Article  Google Scholar 

185. Ameen W, Al-Ahmari A, Mohammed MK et al (2018) Design, finite element analysis (FEA), and fabrication of custom titanium alloy cranial implant using electron beam melting additive manufacturing. Advn Prod Eng Manage 13(3):267–278. https://doi.org/10.14743/apem2018.3.289

     Article  Google Scholar 

186. He Y, Burkhalter D, Durocher D et al (2018). Solid-lattice hip prosthesis design: applying topology and lattice optimization to reduce stress shielding from hip implants. 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference p.9–12. https://doi.org/10.1115/DMD2018-6804

187. Murr L (2017) Open-cellular metal implant design and fabrication for biomechanical compatibility with bone using electron beam melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 76:164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.019

     Article  Google Scholar 

188. Weißmann V, Drescher P, Bader R et al (2017) Comparison of single Ti6Al4V struts made using selective laser melting and electron beam melting subject to part orientation. Metals 7(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/MET7030091

     Article  Google Scholar 

189. Soylemez E (2020) High deposition rate approach of selective laser melting through defocused single bead experiments and thermal finite element analysis for Ti-6Al-4V. Addit Manuf 31:100984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100984

     Article  Google Scholar 

190. Grabovetskaya GP, Stepanova EN, Mishin IP et al (2020) The effect of irradiation of a titanium alloy of the Ti–6Al–4V–H system with pulsed electron beams on its creep. Russian Phys J 63(6):932–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-020-02120-5

     Article  Google Scholar 

191. Adamovic D, Ristic B, Zivic F (2018). Review of existing biomaterials—method of material selection for specific applications in orthopedics. In: Zivic F, Affatato S, Trajanovic M (Eds.), Biomaterials in Clinical Practice, Springer, Cham, p.47–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68025-5_3

192. Wang J, Li QQ, Xiong CY et al (2018) Effect of Zr on the martensitic transformation and the shape memory effect in Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta high-temperature shape memory alloys. J Alloys Compounds 737:672–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.003

     Article  Google Scholar 

193. Cui YW, Chen LY, Liu XX (2021) Pitting corrosion of biomedical titanium and titanium alloys: a brief review. Curr Nanosci 17(2):241–256. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413716999201125221211

     Article  Google Scholar 

194. Chui P, Jing R, Zhang FG et al (2020) Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of β-type Ti-Zr-Nb-Mo alloys for biomedical application. J Alloys Compounds 842:155693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155693

     Article  Google Scholar 

195. Tardelli JDC, Bolfarini C, Dos Reis AC (2020) Comparative analysis of corrosion resistance between beta titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys: a systematic review. J Trace Elements Med Biol 62:126618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126618

     Article  Google Scholar 

196. Konopatsky A, Dubinskiy SM, Zhukova YS et al (2017) Ternary Ti-Zr-Nb and quaternary Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta shape memory alloys for biomedical applications: structural features and cyclic mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 702:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.046

     Article  Google Scholar 

197. Wei K, Wang Z, Zeng X (2018) Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the selective laser melting processed Ti-5Al-2.5 Sn α titanium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 709:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.061

     Article  Google Scholar 

198. Eisenbarth E, Velten D, Müller M et al (2004) Biocompatibility of β-stabilizing elements of titanium alloys. Biomaterials 25(26):5705–5713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.021

     Article  Google Scholar 

199. Hsu HC, Hsu SK, Wu SC et al (2010) Structure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti–5Nb–xFe alloys. Mater Charact 61(9):851–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2010.05.003

     Article  Google Scholar 

200. Chen S, Tsoi JKH, Tsang PCS et al (2020) Candida albicans aspects of binary titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Regener Biomater 7(2):213–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz052

     Article  Google Scholar 

201. Iijima Y, Nagase T, Matsugaki A et al (2021) Design and development of Ti–Zr–Hf–Nb–Ta–Mo high-entropy alloys for metallic biomaterials. Mater Des 202:109548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109548

     Article  Google Scholar 

202. Nagase T, Iijima Y, Matsugaki A et al (2020) Design and fabrication of Ti–Zr-Hf-Cr-Mo and Ti–Zr-Hf-Co-Cr-Mo high-entropy alloys as metallic biomaterials. Mater Sci Eng C 107:110322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110322

     Article  Google Scholar 

203. Park YJ, Song YH, An JH et al (2013) Cytocompatibility of pure metals and experimental binary titanium alloys for implant materials. J Dent 41(12):1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.09.003

     Article  Google Scholar 

204. Cremasco A, Messias AD, Esposito AR et al (2011) Effects of alloying elements on the cytotoxic response of titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng C 31(5):833–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.013

     Article  Google Scholar 

205. Mydin R, Hazan R, FaridWajidi AF et al (2018). Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays for biomedical implant materials and nanomedicine applications. In Yang DF (Ed.), Titanium Dioxide—Material for a Sustainable Environment, p.469–483. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73060

206. Kafshgari MH, Goldmann WH (2020) Insights into theranostic properties of titanium dioxide for nanomedicine. Nano-Micro Lett 12(1):1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0362-1

     Article  Google Scholar 

207. Sarraf M, Nasiri-Tabrizi B, Yeong CH et al (2020) Mixed oxide nanotubes in nanomedicine: a dead-end or a bridge to the future? Ceram Int 47(3):2917–2948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.177

     Article  Google Scholar 

208. Kunrath MF, Hubler R, Shinkai R et al (2018) Application of TiO₂ nanotubes as a drug delivery system for biomedical implants: a critical overview. Chem Select 3(40):11180–11189. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201801459

     Article  Google Scholar 

209. Dabbagh A, Hedayatnasab Z, Karimian H et al (2019) Polyethylene glycol-coated porous magnetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics under magnetic hyperthermia condition. Int J Hyperthermia 36(1):104–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2018.1536809

     Article  Google Scholar 

210. Nancy D, Rajendran N (2018) Vancomycin incorporated chitosan/gelatin coatings coupled with TiO₂–SrHAP surface modified cp-titanium for osteomyelitis treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 110:197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.004

     Article  Google Scholar 

211. Wang Q, Huang JY, Li HQ et al (2017) Recent advances on smart TiO₂ nanotube platforms for sustainable drug delivery applications. Int J Nanomed 12:151–165. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S117498

     Article  Google Scholar 

212. Wang Q, Huang JY, Li HQ et al (2016) TiO₂ nanotube platforms for smart drug delivery: a review. Int J Nanomed 11:4819–4834. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S108847

     Article  Google Scholar 

213. Jia H, Kerr LL (2015) Kinetics of drug release from drug carrier of polymer/TiO₂ nanotubes composite—pH dependent study. J Appl Polymer Sci 132(7):41570. https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.41570

     Article  Google Scholar 

214. Wang T, Weng ZY, Liu XM et al (2017) Controlled release and biocompatibility of polymer/titania nanotube array system on titanium implants. Bioactive Mater 2(1):44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.02.001

     Article  Google Scholar 

215. Ma A, You YP, Chen B et al (2020) Icariin/aspirin composite coating on TiO₂ nanotubes surface induce immunomodulatory effect of macrophage and improve osteoblast activity. Coatings 10(4):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040427

     Article  Google Scholar 

216. Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yates MZ (2018) Hydroxyapatite nanocrystal deposited titanium dioxide nanotubes loaded with antibiotics for combining biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. MRS Adv 3(30):1703–1709. https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.114

     Article  Google Scholar 

217. Mesbah M, Sarraf M, Dabbagh A et al (2020) Synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic antibacterial effects in high-strength aluminum/TiO₂ nanoarchitectures. Ceramics Int 46(15):24267–24280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.207

     Article  Google Scholar 

218. Sm RB, Sreekantan S, Hazan R et al (2017) Cellular homeostasis and antioxidant response in epithelial HT29 cells on titania nanotube arrays surface. Oxid Med Cell Longevity 2017:3708048. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3708048

     Article  Google Scholar 

219. Zhang J, Li GL, Zhang XR et al (2020) Systematically evaluate the physicochemical property and hemocompatibility of phase dependent TiO₂ on medical pure titanium. Surface Coatings Technol 404:126501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126501

     Article  Google Scholar 

220. Salimi E (2019) Superhydrophobic blood-compatible surfaces: state of the art. Int J Polymeric Mater Polymeric Biomater 69(6):363–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2019.1570510

     Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

221. Cao Y (2019). Engineering therapeutic biomaterials for medical implants. PhD Thesis, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

222. Woodbury JM (2015), Hemocompatibility of polymeric materials for blood-contacting applications. PhD Thesis, Colorado State University, USA.

Download references