SYNOPSIS

use XML::Grove;
# Basic parsing and grove building
use XML::Grove::Builder;
use XML::Parser::PerlSAX;
$grove_builder = XML::Grove::Builder->new;
$parser = XML::Parser::PerlSAX->new ( Handler => $grove_builder );
$document = $parser->parse ( Source => { SystemId => 'filename' } );
# Creating new objects
$document = XML::Grove::Document->new ( Contents => [ ] );
$element = XML::Grove::Element->new ( Name => 'tag',
Attributes => { },
Contents => [ ] );
# Accessing XML objects
$tag_name = $element->{Name};
$contents = $element->{Contents};
$parent = $element->{Parent};
$characters->{Data} = 'XML is fun!';

DESCRIPTION

XML::Grove is a tree-based object model for accessing the information set of parsed or stored , , or instances. XML::Grove objects are Perl hashes and arrays where you access the properties of the objects using normal Perl syntax:

 $text = $characters->{Data};

How To Create a Grove

There are several ways for groves to come into being, they can be read from a file or string using a parser and a grove builder, they can be created by your Perl code using the `' methods of XML::Grove::Objects, or databases or other sources can act as groves.

The most common way to build groves is using a parser and a grove builder. The parser is the package that reads the characters of an file, recognizes the syntax, and produces ``events'' reporting when elements (tags), text (characters), processing instructions, and other sequences occur. A grove builder receives (``consumes'' or ``handles'') these events and builds XML::Grove objects. The last thing the parser does is return the XML::Grove::Document object that the grove builder created, with all of it's elements and character data.

The most common parser and grove builder are XML::Parser::PerlSAX (in libxml-perl) and XML::Grove::Builder. To build a grove, create the grove builder first:

 $grove_builder = XML::Grove::Builder->new;

Then create the parser, passing it the grove builder as it's handler:

 $parser = XML::Parser::PerlSAX->new ( Handler => $grove_builder );

This associates the grove builder with the parser so that every time you parse a document with this parser it will return an XML::Grove::Document object. To parse a file, use the `' parameter to the `' method containing a `' parameter ( or path) of the file you want to parse:

 $document = $parser->parse ( Source => { SystemId => 'kjv.xml' } );

To parse a string held in a Perl variable, use the `' parameter containing a `' parameter:

 $document = $parser->parse ( Source => { String => $xml_text } );

The following are all parsers that work with XML::Grove::Builder:

 XML::Parser::PerlSAX (in libxml-perl, uses XML::Parser)
 XML::ESISParser (in libxml-perl, uses James Clark's `nsgmls')
 XML::SAX2Perl (in libxml-perl, translates SAX 1.0 to PerlSAX)

Most parsers supply more properties than the standard information set below and XML::Grove will make available all the properties given by the parser, refer to the parser documentation to find out what additional properties it may provide.

Although there are not any available yet (August 1999), PerlSAX filters can be used to process the output of a parser before it is passed to XML::Grove::Builder. XML::Grove::PerlSAX can be used to provide input to PerlSAX filters or other PerlSAX handlers.

Using Groves

The properties provided by parsers are available directly using Perl's normal syntax for accessing hashes and arrays. For example, to get the name of an element:

 $element_name = $element->{Name};

By convention, all properties provided by parsers are in mixed case. `' properties are available using the `' module.

The following is the minimal set of objects and their properties that you are likely to get from all parsers:

XML::Grove::Document

The Document object is parent of the root element of the parsed document.

Contents

An array containing the root element.

A document's `Contents' may also contain processing instructions, comments, and whitespace.

Some parsers provide information about the document type, the declaration, or notations and entities. Check the parser documentation for property names.

XML::Grove::Element

The Element object represents elements from the source.

Parent

The parent object of this element.

Name

A string, the element type name of this element

Attributes

A hash of strings or arrays

Contents

An array of elements, characters, processing instructions, etc.

In a purely minimal grove, the attributes of an element will be plain text (Perl scalars). Some parsers provide access to notations and entities in attributes, in which case the attribute may contain an array.

XML::Grove::Characters

The Characters object represents text from the source.

Parent

The parent object of this characters object

Data

A string, the characters

XML::Grove::PI

The object represents processing instructions from the source.

Parent

The parent object of this object.

Target

A string, the processing instruction target.

Data

A string, the processing instruction data, or undef if none was supplied.

In addition to the minimal set of objects above, XML::Grove knows about and parsers may provide the following objects. Refer to the parser documentation for descriptions of the properties of these objects.

 XML::Grove::
 ::Entity::External External entity reference
 ::Entity::SubDoc External SubDoc reference (SGML)
 ::Entity::SGML External SGML reference (SGML)
 ::Entity Entity reference
 ::Notation Notation declaration
 ::Comment <!-- A Comment -->
 ::SubDoc A parsed subdocument (SGML)
 ::CData A CDATA marked section
 ::ElementDecl An element declaration from the DTD
 ::AttListDecl An element's attribute declaration, from the DTD

METHODS

XML::Grove by itself only provides one method, new(), for creating new XML::Grove objects. There are Data::Grove and XML::Grove extension modules that give additional methods for working with XML::Grove objects and new extensions can be created as needed.

$obj = XML::Grove::OBJECT->new( [] )

`' creates a new XML::Grove object with the type , and with the initial . may be given as either a list of key-value pairs, a hash, or an XML::Grove object to copy. may be any of the objects listed above.

This is a list of available extensions and the methods they provide (as of Feb 1999). Refer to their module documentation for more information on how to use them.

 XML::Grove::AsString
 as_string return portions of groves as a string
 attr_as_string return an element's attribute as a string
 XML::Grove::AsCanonXML
 as_canon_xml return XML text in canonical XML format
 XML::Grove::PerlSAX
 parse emulate a PerlSAX parser using the grove objects
 Data::Grove::Parent
 root return the root element of a grove
 rootpath return an array of all objects between the root
 element and this object, inclusive
 Data::Grove::Parent also adds `C<Parent>' and `C<Raw>' properties
 to grove objects.
 Data::Grove::Visitor
 accept call back a subroutine using an object type name
 accept_name call back using an element or tag name
 children_accept for each child in Contents, call back a sub
 children_accept_name same, but using tag names
 attr_accept call back for the objects in attributes
 XML::Grove::IDs
 get_ids return a list of all ID attributes in grove
 XML::Grove::Path
 at_path $el->at_path('/html/body/ul/li[4]')
 XML::Grove::Sub
 filter run a sub against all the objects in the grove

WRITING EXTENSIONS

The class `' is the superclass of all classes in the XML::Grove module. `' is a subclass of `'.

If you create an extension and you want to add a method to all XML::Grove objects, then create that method in the XML::Grove package. Many extensions only need to add methods to XML::Grove::Document and/or XML::Grove::Element.

When you create an extension you should definitly provide a way to invoke your module using objects from your package too. For example, XML::Grove::AsString's `' method can also be called using an XML::Grove::AsString object:

 $writer= new XML::Grove::AsString;
 $string = $writer->as_string ( $xml_object );

AUTHOR

Ken MacLeod, [email protected]