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This is the Wiki99 list for topics about software.

About

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Wiki99 is the idea to have a list of about 99 Wikipedia articles which should be translated into as many languages as possible in order to establish common understanding in a field.

If the Wikipedia articles have at least been started, then access them in available languages by clicking through.

Translations start with structured data translation in Wikidata, then proceed to translation of prose in Wikipedia.

Wiki99 list by topic

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General

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Wikipedia articles
Description on Wikidataensim
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Internet (1969–)global system of connected computer networks based on IP addressing and routing protocols140Q75234
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operating systemsoftware that manages computer hardware resources117Q9135221
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World Wide Webglobal system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet113Q466224
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softwarenon-tangible executable component of a computer111Q7397273
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artificial intelligencefield of computer science that develops and studies software enabling machines to exhibit intelligent behavior121Q11660262
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algorithmsequence of instructions to perform a task110Q8366162
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computer hardwarephysical components of a computer97Q3966152
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databaseorganized collection of data in computing93Q8513141
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computer programsequence of instructions written in programming language to perform a specified task with a computer89Q40056121
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compilercomputer program that transforms source code into object code84Q47506111
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virtual realitycomputer-simulated environment simulating physical presence in real or imagined worlds84Q170519142
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communication protocolsystem for exchanging messages between computing systems66Q13236471
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user interfacemeans by which a user interacts with and controls a machine66Q47146141
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word processordevice or computer program for input, editing, formatting, and output of text72Q5427791
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computer securityprotection of computer systems and networks from theft, damage, misuse or data leak70Q3510521121
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big datainformation assets characterized by such a high volume, velocity, and variety to require specific technology and analytical methods for its transformation into value65Q85881091
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spreadsheetcomputer program for organization and analysis of worksheets (data in a tabular form)63Q18319781
18device drivercomputer program that operates or controls a particular type of device55Q10339513
19parallel computingprogramming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously55Q23266191
20software library (1947–)collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development48Q1888608
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file formatformalized structure of information stored in a storage medium43Q235557121
22dataquantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer36Q4947567
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vulnerabilitysecurity weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system's information assurance33Q631425101
24scalabilityproperty of a system to handle a growing amount of work by adding resources to the system32Q7274904
25legacy systemold computing technology or system that remains in use and may be out of date or in need of replacement18Q4459625
26software sustainabilityassurance of availability and functionality of software over its lifetimeQ1083046803
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Markup and data languages

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HTML (1989–)family of markup languages for displaying content in a web browser109Q8811295
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Cascading Style Sheets (1996–)declarative language for styling web pages81Q46441172
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XML (1998–)markup language by the W3C for encoding of data74Q2115253
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SVG (1998–)open standard for two-dimensional vector graphics62Q2078202
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JSON (2001–)text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange50Q2063182
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TeX (1978–)typesetting system45Q5301251
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Standard Generalized Markup Language (1986–)markup language39Q207819101
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wikitextlightweight markup language used to write pages at wiki-based websites34Q82630861
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MathMLmarkup language allowing to express mathematical formulae in a linear text form, with an XML-based notation and a standardized schema30Q823982134
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Markdown (2004–)plain-text formatting syntax, which is popularly used to format readme files34Q1193600162
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Programming languages

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Java (1995–)object-oriented programming language104Q251282
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C (1972–)general-purpose programming language104Q15777224
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PHP (1995–)scripting language focused on web development100Q59407
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Python (1991–)general-purpose programming language97Q28865385
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JavaScript (1995–)high-level programming language92Q2005285
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C++ (1983–)general-purpose programming language97Q2407265
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SQL (1974–)relational database language that allows to extract from data tables a series of records with selection, sorting and computation criteria, or to update, delete or add records80Q47607262
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BASIC (1964–)programming language for beginners, mainly using familiar English words or abbreviations of them79Q42979111
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Perl (1987–)interpreted programming language first released in 198779Q42478273
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C# (2001–)multi-paradigm (object-oriented) programming language76Q2370193
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Fortran (1957–)general-purpose programming language74Q83303171
12Pascal (1970–)programming language74Q8157113
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Ruby (1995–)general-purpose programming language72Q161053322
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COBOL (1959–)programming language with English-like syntax71Q131140192
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Lua (1993–)lightweight programming language71Q207316231
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Lisp (1958–)functional programming language based on the lambda calculus68Q132874182
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assembly language (1949–)any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions67Q165436101
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Ada (1980–)programming language64Q154755161
19Prolog (1972–)programming language that uses first order logic56Q1634689
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R (1993–)programming language for statistical analysis59Q206904303
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Go (2009–)programming language developed by Google and the open-source community61Q37227281
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Unified Modeling Language (1995–)software system design modeling tool54Q169411102
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Haskell (1990–)purely functional programming language55Q34010262
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ALGOL (1959–)family of imperative computer programming languages51Q188436101
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Scheme (1975–)dialect of the Lisp programming language47Q187560131
26Logo (1967–)computer programming language46Q20143610
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Swift (2014–)general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language52Q17118377241
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Rust (2006–)memory-safe programming language without garbage collection51Q575650332
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D (2001–)multi-paradigm system programming language42Q319268131
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Kotlin (2011–)general-purpose programming language derived from Java53Q3816639251
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PostScript (1982–)programming language39Q218170151
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TypeScript (2012–)programming language, superset of JavaScript that compiles to JavaScript36Q978185231
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Eiffel (1986–)programming language36Q732089152
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Simula (1962–)programming language33Q212569111
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Erlang (1986–)programming language36Q334879192
36Forth (1970–)programming language34Q275472101
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OCaml (1996–)extension of the Caml programming language36Q212587221
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Dart (2011–)programming language35Q406009221
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Unix shellcommand-line interpreter for Unix operating system34Q1466361
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F# (2005–)Microsoft programming language33Q648619171
41ML (1973–)functional programming language30Q8606547
42Modula-2 (1978–)programming language27Q77735812
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Hack (2014–)programming language23Q15971618131
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Racket (1995–)functional and contractual programming language, with strong, dynamic and reflective typing, derived from Scheme17Q1254148192
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Modula-3 (1989–)programming language13Q192822281
46Chapel (2009–)programming language4Q403605117
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Programming tools and environments

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Git (2005–)distributed version control system66Q186055342
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integrated development environmentsoftware application used to develop software55Q13741101
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Apache Subversion (2000–)advanced version control system48Q46794231
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debuggercomputer program used to test and debug other programs46Q19323152
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Docker (2013–)open-source software for deploying and running of containerized applications41Q15206305313
6linkercomputer system program which produces loadable and executable programs from object files or libraries, compiled and assembled separately31Q5237966
7hypervisorpiece of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines32Q10774804
8build automationprocess of automating the creation of a software build that defines how to compile, package, and test the code16Q272746810
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Project Jupyter (2014–)nonprofit organization that developed and supported the interactive computing products Jupyter Notebook, JupyterHub, and JupyterLab15Q55630549151
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Business and career

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1computer sciencestudy of computation115Q21198171
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cryptocurrency (2009–)digital currency not reliant on a central authority94Q13479982161
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machine learningscientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform tasks without explicit instructions82Q2539202
4e-commercetype of business industry usually conducted over the Internet71Q484847122
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computer engineeringengineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware and software systems69Q42869191
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programmerperson who writes computer software (subclass of software developer)66Q5482740131
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enterprise resource planningcorporate task of optimizing the existing resources in a company48Q13150861
8software developmentcreation and maintaining of programs and applications49Q63860811
9agile software developmentgroup of iterative and incremental development methods48Q302324
10business intelligencetechniques and tools for acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes45Q33531854
11system administratorperson who maintains and operates a computer system and/or network40Q32735311
12version controlactivity of managing the versions of one or more files32Q1894396
13algorithmic tradingmethod of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions23Q1394452
14information technology consultingfield that focuses on advising businesses on how best to use information technology12Q15408633
15software supply chaintools used to make software7Q250514522
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Technical concepts

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HTTP (1989–)application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems78Q8777221
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blockchaindistributed data store for digital transactions82Q20514253151
3object-oriented programmingprogramming paradigm based on the concept of objects74Q7987261
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Turing machine (1936–)abstract computation model; mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules63Q163310132
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HTTP cookiesmall piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser58Q17899582
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application programming interfacesoftware interface between computers and/or programs69Q165194111
7data compressionprocess of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation64Q249311
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data miningthe process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets64Q17249141
9interpreterprogram that executes source code without a separate compilation step61Q1830657
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natural language processingfield of computer science and linguistics66Q30642102
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digital signaturemathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents53Q22084981
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software bugerror, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program/system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result or causes it to behave in unintended ways54Q17955091
13functional programmingprogramming paradigm based on applying and composing functions51Q19307672
14high-level programming languageprogramming language with strong abstraction from details of hardware51Q2114964
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programming paradigmcategory of programming languages according to what methodology of designing and implementing programs their features support51Q18826781
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public-key cryptographycryptosystem that uses both public and private keys53Q20133971
17character encodingsystem using a prescribed set of digital values to represent textual characters52Q1847595
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command-line interfacetype of computer interface based on entering text commands and viewing text output52Q18905382
19data typeclassification of data in computer science53Q19008712
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recording mediumphysical storage medium for recording information43Q193395121
21subroutinesequence of instructions that can be called from other points in a computer program46Q1906866
22system softwarecomputer software that provides a platform for running application software50Q6762023
23computer visioncomputerized information extraction from images53Q8442405
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error detection and correctiontechniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels35Q106283981
25ontologyspecification of a conceptualization36Q32425416
26computational complexity theorytheoretical computer science and mathematics theory that classifies problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relates those classes to each other37Q2050848
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cellular automatondiscrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling33Q18915682
28coding theorystudy of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application according to its environment constraints36Q6021366
29Representational State Transferarchitectural style for client-server applications33Q7495685
30recursionalgorithmic technique in computer science of solving a problem by reducing it to a smaller instance of the same problem28Q2641647
31data modeling(in software engineering) process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques25Q3676643
32software crisisterm used in the early days of computing science for the difficulty of writing useful and efficient computer programs in the required time15Q10659382
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Ethics and values

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free softwaresoftware distributed under terms that allow users to freely run, study, change and distribute it and modified versions84Q341174
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source codecollection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language71Q128751131
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free contentcreative work with few or no restrictions on how it may be used67Q1407541
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hackerperson who uses technical knowledge to achieve a goal within a computerized system by non-standard means69Q148791
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open-source softwaresoftware that anyone is free to use and redistribute in its current state with a permissive licence giving a libre access to its original source code (but not necessarily to modify it)63Q1130645101
6proprietary softwarecomputer software released under a license restricting use, study or redistribution49Q2186166
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free and open-source softwaresoftware that is both free (as in freedom) and open-source50Q506883111
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white hatcomputer hacker who hacks ethically36Q1892276151
9free software licenselicense by which a software package can be defined as free software22Q39434146
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women in computingrole of women in computing around the world15Q959051
11ethics of technologyconcepts of right & wrong conduct concerning technē & technological developments9Q54034932
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See also

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