Second differences are A000009, partitions into distinct parts. Proof from Fred W. Helenius (fredh(AT)ix.netcom.com): Let k be the largest element (the "dictator") in S and let j be the sum of the remaining elements, so 0 <= j < k. For a given k and j, the number of subsets S is just the number of partitions j into distinct parts; call that a(j). Then b(n) = Sum_{1<=k<=n} Sum_{0<=j<k} a(j). This was independently discovered by N. J. A. Sloane and proved by Michael Reid.
a(3) = 6 since the subsets {1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3} are the only subsets of {1,2,3} which contain a number greater than the sum of the other numbers in the set.