R[n_] := Sqrt[4 k] Plus[1, Total[k^# R[#, Q] & /@ Range[n]]]
Vq[n_] := Total[(-1)^(# - 1) (r Cos[Q] )^(2 #)/((2 #)!) & /@ Range[2, n]]
RRules[n_] := With[{H = ReplaceAll[1/2 r^2 + (Vq[n + 1]), {r -> R[n]}]},
Function[{rules}, Nest[Rule[#[[1]], ReplaceAll[#[[2]], rules]] & /@ # &, rules, n]][
Flatten[R[#, Q] -> Expand[(-1/4) ReplaceAll[
Coefficient[H, k^(# + 1)], {R[#, Q] -> 0}]] & /@ Range[n]]]]
RCoefficients[n_] := With[{Rn = ReplaceAll[R[n], RRules[n]]}, Function[{a},
Coefficient[Coefficient[Rn/2/Sqrt[k], k^a],
Cos[Q]^(2 (a + #))] & /@ Range[a]] /@ Range[n]]
Flatten[Denominator@RCoefficients[10]]