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⇱ Evolution of Fiber-Optic Transmission and Networking toward the 5G Era - PubMed

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Abstract

Fiber Optics; Information and Communication Technologies; Telecommunication Engineering.

Keywords: Fiber Optics; Information and Communication Technologies; Telecommunication Engineering.

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Figures

👁 Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of a 5G-Oriented Optical Network Consisting of Core, Metro, and Access Network Sections to Support Diverse Applications OTN, optical transport network; CPRI, common public radio interface; eCPRI, evolved CPRI; ROADM, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer; OXC, optical cross-connect; OLT, optical line terminal; ODN, optical distribution network.
👁 Figure 2
Figure 2
Main Features of 5G and 5G-oriented Fiber Optical Systems (A) Illustration of the main features and use cases of 5G. (B) The main features and technologies of fiber-optic networks in the 5G era. AR, augmented reality; VR, virtual reality; IoT, internet of things; UHD, ultra-high-definition; PDM, polarization-division multiplexing; QPSK, quadrature-phase-shift keying; nQAM, n-point quadrature-amplitude modulation, EDFA, Erbium-doped fiber amplifier; MD-ROADM, multi-degree reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer; CDC, colorless-directionless-contentionless; WSS: wavelength-selective switch; AI, artificial intelligence; ML, machine learning.
👁 Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of Four Main Physical Dimensions that Have Been Utilized to Achieve Enhanced Fiber Transmission Capacity (eFTC)
👁 Figure 4
Figure 4
Illustration of Three Commonly Used Modulation and Detection Schemes (A) Intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD), (B) differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), and (C) coherent optical modulation and digital coherent detection. PBS, polarization beam splitter; OLO, optical local oscillator; ADC, analog-to-digital converter; DSP, digital signal processing.
👁 Figure 5
Figure 5
Block Diagram of Common DSP Modules Implemented in the DSP Unit of a Polarization-Diversity Digital Coherent Optical Receiver
👁 Figure 6
Figure 6
Illustration of Recent Advances in Per-fiber Capacity from 8 Tb/s Typically in 2013 to 32 Tb/s in 2019
👁 Figure 7
Figure 7
Illustration of a Superchannel Transponder Embedded in a Flexible-Grid WDM System DSP, digital signal processor; DAC, digital-to-analog converter; ASIC, application-specific integrated circuit; PDM, polarization-division multiplexed; WDM MUX (DMUX), wavelength-division multiplexer (de-multiplexer); OLO, optical local oscillator; PD, photo-detector; ADC, analog-to-digital converter (after Ref. Liu et al., 2014).
👁 Figure 8
Figure 8
Exprimental Demonstration of Single-Fiber Transmission with a Capacity of 100.5 Tb/s Experimentally measured optical spectrum of 195 50-GHz-spaced wavelength channels with a net WDM SE of 10.3 b/s/Hz and a total EDFA amplification bandwidth of 9.75 THz, achieving a total single-fiber capacity of 100.5 Tb/s. Insets: constellation diagrams with different constellation shaping (CS) values.
👁 Figure 9
Figure 9
Illustration of a ROADM/OXC Node Supporting the Adding/Dropping of Any Wavelength to/Drop from Any Direction MCS, multi-cast switches used in traditional WSS. ADWSS, a new type of add/drop WSS that replaces MCS with wavelength-selective components to offer lowered loss and power consumption. OA, Optical amplifier.
👁 Figure 10
Figure 10
Illustration of Passive Optical Network (PON) Supporting Broadband Connectivity for Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), Fiber-to-the-business (FTTB), Fiber-to-the-antenna (FTTA), Fiber-to-the-enterprise (FTTE), and Fiber-to-the-copper (FTTC) Applications
👁 Figure 11
Figure 11
Illustration of a Mobile-Optimized Optical Transport Network (M-OTN) for Fronthaul Inset (A): latency compensation between the original and protection paths. Inset (B): easy OAM via self-sensing of CPRI information and automatic negotiation and configuration.
👁 Figure 12
Figure 12
Illustration of an Intelligently Managed Optical Network with Intelligent Network Operation and Maintenance (iO&M) WDM, wavelength-division multiplexing; OSNR, optical signal-to-noise ratio; FEC, forward-error correction; BER, bit-error rate; CD, chromatic dispersion; PMD, polarization-mode dispersion; PDL, polarization-dependent loss; OTDR, optical time-domain reflectometer; OFDR, optical frequency-domain reflectometer.

References

    1. Agrell E., Karlsson M., Chraplyvy A.R., Richardson D.J., Krummrich P.M., Winzer P.J., Roberts K., Fischer J.K., Savory S.J., Eggleton B.J. Roadmap of optical communications. J. Opt. 2016;18:063002.
    1. Bosco G., Curri V., Carena A., Poggiolini P., Forghieri F. On the performance of Nyquist-WDM terabit superchannels based on PM-BPSK, PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM or PM-16QAM subcarriers. J. Lightwave Technol. 2011;29:53–61.
    1. Buchali F., Steiner F., Böcherer G., Schmalen L., Schulte P., Idler W. Rate adaptation and reach increase by probabilistically shaped 64-QAM: an experimental demonstration. J. Lightwave Technol. 2016;34:1599–1609.
    1. S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, B. Zhu, and D.W. Peckham, Transmission of a 1.2-Tb/s 24-carrier no-guard-interval coherent OFDM superchannel over 7200-km of ultra-large-area fiber, in Proc. European Conf. Optical Communication (ECOC) 2009, Sept., paper PD2.6.
    1. Chandrasekhar S., Liu X. Advances in Tb/s superchannels, Chapter 3 of Optical Fiber Telecommunications VI. In: Kaminov I.P., Li T., Willner A., editors. Elsevier; 2019. pp. 751–784.

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