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URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32935083/

⇱ Management of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With COVID-19: A Survey From the International Kawasaki Disease Registry - PubMed


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Abstract

Background: Since April 2020, there have been numerous reports of children presenting with systemic inflammation, often in critical condition, and with evidence of recent infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This condition, since defined as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), is assumed to be a delayed immune response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there are frequently cardiac manifestations of ventricular dysfunction and/or coronary artery dilation.

Methods: We surveyed the inpatient MIS-C management approaches of the members of the International Kawasaki Disease Registry across 38 institutions and 11 countries.

Results: Among the respondents, 56% reported using immunomodulatory treatment for all MIS-C patients, regardless of presentation. Every respondent reported use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), including 53% administering IVIG in all patients. Steroids were most often used for patients with severe clinical presentation or lack of response to IVIG, and only a minority used steroids in all patients (14%). Acetylsalicylic acid was frequently used among respondents (91%), including anti-inflammatory and/or antiplatelet dosing. Respondents reported use of prophylactic anticoagulation, especially in patients at higher risk for venous thromboembolism, and therapeutic anticoagulation, particularly for patients with giant coronary artery aneurysms.

Conclusions: There is variation in management of MIS-C patients, with suboptimal evidence to assess superiority of the various treatments; evidence-based gaps in knowledge should be addressed through worldwide collaboration to optimize treatment strategies.

Contexte: Depuis avril 2020, de nombreux cas d’enfants prĂ©sentant une inflammation gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e, se trouvant souvent dans un Ă©tat critique et montrant des signes d’une infection rĂ©cente au coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire aigu sĂ©vĂšre 2 (SRAS-CoV-2), ont Ă©tĂ© signalĂ©s. On pense que cet Ă©tat, dĂ©signĂ© depuis sous le nom de syndrome inflammatoire multisystĂ©mique de l’enfant (SIME), pourrait ĂȘtre une rĂ©ponse immunitaire tardive au virus de la maladie Ă  coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19); les patients prĂ©sentent souvent des manifestations cardiaques associĂ©es Ă  une dysfonction ventriculaire ou Ă  une dilatation des artĂšres coronaires.

Méthodologie: Nous avons mené un sondage sur les stratégies de prise en charge du SIME en milieu hospitalier auprÚs des membres du registre international de la maladie de Kawasaki, qui sont rattachés à 38 établissements répartis dans 11 pays.

RĂ©sultats: Au total, 56 % des rĂ©pondants ont dĂ©clarĂ© opter pour un traitement immunomodulateur pour tous les patients prĂ©sentant un SIME, quelles qu’en soient les manifestations. Tous les rĂ©pondants ont dĂ©clarĂ© avoir recours Ă  l’administration d’immunoglobulines par voie intraveineuse, 53 % d’entre eux utilisant ce traitement chez tous les patients. Les stĂ©roĂŻdes Ă©taient plus souvent utilisĂ©s chez les patients prĂ©sentant des symptĂŽmes cliniques graves ou ne rĂ©pondant pas aux immunoglobulines administrĂ©es par voie intraveineuse; seule une minoritĂ© de rĂ©pondants ont dĂ©clarĂ© utiliser des stĂ©roĂŻdes chez tous les patients (14 %). Les rĂ©pondants utilisaient aussi frĂ©quemment l’acide acĂ©tylsalicylique (91 %), Ă  des doses anti-inflammatoires ou antiplaquettaires. Ils ont en outre dĂ©clarĂ© avoir recours Ă  des anticoagulants en prophylaxie, en particulier chez les patients prĂ©sentant un risque Ă©levĂ© de thromboembolie veineuse, et Ă  une anticoagulothĂ©rapie chez les patients prĂ©sentant des anĂ©vrismes coronaires gĂ©ants.

Conclusions: La prise en charge des patients prĂ©sentant un SIME varie d’un mĂ©decin Ă  l’autre, et les donnĂ©es permettant d’évaluer la supĂ©rioritĂ© des divers traitements employĂ©s sont insuffisantes; il conviendrait donc de mettre en place des initiatives de collaboration afin de combler les lacunes des connaissances et d’optimiser les stratĂ©gies thĂ©rapeutiques.

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Figures

👁 Figure 1
Figure 1
IVIG and steroid use in MIS-C among IKDR members. Answer to IKDR survey question regarding indications for IVIG and steroid use in MIS-C patients, based on percentage of responses. Note that survey asked about “coronary artery ectasia or aneurysms” only for IVIG, and about “IVIG non-responders” only for steroids. IKDR, International Kawasaki Disease Registry; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
👁 Figure 2
Figure 2
ASA use in MIS-C among IKDR members. Answer to IKDR survey question regarding indications for ASA use in MIS-C patients, based on percentage of responses. Note that survey asked about “severe clinical presentations” only for the anti-inflammatory dosing (30-50 mg/kg per day or 80-100 mg/kg per day), and about “thrombocytosis” only for antiplatelet dosing (3-5 mg/kg per day). ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; IKDR, International Kawasaki Disease Registry; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
👁 Figure 3
Figure 3
Anticoagulation use in MIS-C among IKDR members. Answer to IKDR survey question regarding indications for anticoagulation use in MIS-C patients, based on percentage of responses. Note that survey asked about “higher baseline risk of venous thromboembolism” only for prophylactic anticoagulation. IKDR, International Kawasaki Disease Registry; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.
👁 Figure 4
Figure 4
Clinical presentations of MIS-C. MIS-C patients typically present with shock with or without ventricular dysfunction, Kawasaki-like disease, or fever with inflammation. There are a variety of treatment options, with practice variability. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
👁 Figure 5
Figure 5
Best practices for the management of MIS-C, based on literature review and IKDR survey responses. IKDR, International Kawasaki Disease Registry; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; KD, Kawasaki disease; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

References

    1. Pediatric Critical Care Society PICS Statement: Increased number of reported cases of novel presentation of multisystem inflammatory disease. https://pccsociety.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/PICS-statement-re-novel... Available at:
    1. World Health Organization Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19: Scientific Brief. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrom... Available at:
    1. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Guidance: Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-05/COVID-19-Paediatric-... Available at: - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health Alert Network (HAN) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp Available at:
    1. Riphagen S., Gomez X., Gonzalez-Martinez C., Wilkinson N., Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395:1607–1608. - PMC - PubMed
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