2021
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SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance
Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, an experimental set-up is used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses cause a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmits efficient… Show more
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“…The lack of infectious virus and seroconversion following contact with Alpha virus-inoculated ferrets suggests that the sole detection of viral RNA in cohoused contacts likely represents environmental contamination. Enhanced detection of viral RNA relative to infectious virus in NW specimens is consistent with other studies using this model ( 8 , 29 ). It is currently not known what the infectious dose requirements are for various SARS-CoV-2 variants and whether this characteristic contributes to differences in transmissibility phenotypes.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…The lack of infectious virus and seroconversion following contact with Alpha virus-inoculated ferrets suggests that the sole detection of viral RNA in cohoused contacts likely represents environmental contamination. Enhanced detection of viral RNA relative to infectious virus in NW specimens is consistent with other studies using this model ( 8 , 29 ). It is currently not known what the infectious dose requirements are for various SARS-CoV-2 variants and whether this characteristic contributes to differences in transmissibility phenotypes.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…While WA1-, Alpha-, and Delta-infected ferrets all shed infectious virus in nasal washes with viral RNA detected in the air, only Delta virus was able to transmit via the air to 1/3 contacts. General agreement between NW titers and detection of viral RNA in collected aerosols strongly supports exhaled aerosols as the primary source of airborne particles, though it should be noted that persistence of virus in the environment or ferret fur has been reported previously ( 22 , 29 ) and could possibly contribute to the levels of viral RNA detected in the air.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 78%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Thus, our results suggest that airborne transmission is likely a major driver of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our studies support reports of infectious SARS-CoV-2 collected in the air near COVID-19 patients ( 7 , 9 ) and in their exhaled breath ( 24 ), as well as studies showing noncontact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between ferrets and between hamsters ( 18 , 19 , 23 ), including one study that demonstrated transmission over a 1-m distance ( 25 ). One previous study has been unable to culture virus in exhaled breath from COVID-19 patients ( 26 ), which could be due to unknown or late collection times postonset of disease.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 88%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Richard et al ( 2020 ) provided the first empirical evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via direct contact and respiratory droplets/aerosols among exposed ferrets, as evidenced by prolonged viral shedding and the occurrence of infectious virus in secondary recipient animals. This discovery aligns with the outcomes of other research, such as Kim et al ( 2020 ) and Kutter et al ( 2021 ), who documented airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between ferrets over more than 1 m. However, Sawatzki et al ( 2021 ) reported that ferrets may have a host barrier that limits natural infection and transmission after finding no evidence of infection in 29 ferrets constantly exposed to one confirmed and one suspected case of symptomatic COVID-19. Furthermore, based on genetic sequences of viruses and host, Lehtinen et al ( 2022 ) suggested that ferrets may possess genetic factors that confer resistance to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 90%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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