Remote WebDriver
Selenium lets you automate browsers on remote computers if there is a Selenium Grid running on them. The computer that executes the code is referred to as the client computer, and the computer with the browser and driver is referred to as the remote computer or sometimes as an end-node. To direct Selenium tests to the remote computer, you need to use a Remote WebDriver class and pass the URL including the port of the grid on that machine. Please see the grid documentation for all the various ways the grid can be configured.
Basic Example
The driver needs to know where to send commands to and which browser to start on the Remote computer. So an address and an options instance are both required.
ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}} options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
} options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
Uploads
Uploading a file is more complicated for Remote WebDriver sessions because the file you want to upload is likely on the computer executing the code, but the driver on the remote computer is looking for the provided path on its local file system. The solution is to use a Local File Detector. When one is set, Selenium will bundle the file, and send it to the remote machine, so the driver can see the reference to it. Some bindings include a basic local file detector by default, and all of them allow for a custom file detector.
Java does not include a Local File Detector by default, so you must always add one to do uploads.
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}}Python adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own class.
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
.NET adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own class.
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
}Ruby adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own lambda:
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
Downloads
Chrome, Edge and Firefox each allow you to set the location of the download directory. When you do this on a remote computer, though, the location is on the remote computer’s local file system. Selenium allows you to enable downloads to get these files onto the client computer.
Enable Downloads in the Grid
Regardless of the client, when starting the grid in node or standalone mode, you must add the flag:
--enable-managed-downloads true
Enable Downloads in the Client
The grid uses the se:downloadsEnabled capability to toggle whether to be responsible for managing the browser location.
Each of the bindings have a method in the options class to set this.
ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}} options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
} options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
List Downloadable Files
Be aware that Selenium is not waiting for files to finish downloading, so the list is an immediate snapshot of what file names are currently in the directory for the given session.
List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}} files = driver.get_downloadable_files()/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
} files = driver.downloadable_files/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
Download a File
Selenium looks for the name of the provided file in the list and downloads it to the provided target directory.
((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}} driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
} driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
Delete Downloaded Files
By default, the download directory is deleted at the end of the applicable session, but you can also delete all files during the session.
((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}} driver.delete_downloadable_files()/examples/python/tests/drivers/test_remote_webdriver.py
import os
import sys
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
assert "localhost" in driver.command_executor._client_config.remote_server_addr
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_uploads(server):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
upload_file = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "selenium-snapshot.png"))
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()
file_name_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "uploaded-files")
file_name = file_name_element.text
assert file_name == "selenium-snapshot.png"
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_downloads(server, temp_dir):
options = get_default_chrome_options()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)
file_names = ["file_1.txt", "file_2.jpg"]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-1").click()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-2").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(lambda d: "file_2.jpg" in d.get_downloadable_files())
files = driver.get_downloadable_files()
assert sorted(files) == sorted(file_names)
downloadable_file = file_names[0]
target_directory = temp_dir
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, downloadable_file)
with open(target_file, "r") as file:
assert "Hello, World!" in file.read()
driver.delete_downloadable_files()
assert not driver.get_downloadable_files()
def get_default_chrome_options():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
return options
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
} driver.delete_downloadable_files/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/remote_webdriver_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium/server'
RSpec.describe 'Remote WebDriver' do
let(:target_directory) { File.join(Dir.tmpdir, SecureRandom.uuid) }
let(:wait) { Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2) }
let(:server) do
Selenium::Server.new(File.expand_path(File.join('..', '..', '..', 'selenium-server-4.44.0.jar'), __dir__),
background: true,
args: %w[--selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true])
end
let(:grid_url) { server.webdriver_url }
before { server.start }
after { server.stop }
it 'starts remotely' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
expect { driver.session_id }.not_to raise_exception
end
it 'uploads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: server.webdriver_url, options: options
driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload')
upload_file = File.expand_path('../spec_support/selenium-snapshot.png', __dir__)
driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click
wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files') }
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'uploaded-files').text).to eq 'selenium-snapshot.png'
end
it 'downloads' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options
file_names = %w[file_1.txt file_2.jpg]
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'file-1').click
driver.find_element(id: 'file-2').click
wait.until { driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_2.jpg') && driver.downloadable_files.include?('file_1.txt') }
files = driver.downloadable_files
expect(files.sort).to eq file_names.sort
downloadable_file = 'file_1.txt'
driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)
file_content = File.read("#{target_directory}/#{downloadable_file}").strip
expect(file_content).to eq('Hello, World!')
driver.delete_downloadable_files
expect(driver.downloadable_files).to be_empty
end
end
Browser specific functionalities
Each browser has implemented special functionality that is available only to that browser. Each of the Selenium bindings has implemented a different way to use those features in a Remote Session
Java requires you to use the Augmenter class, which allows it to automatically pull in implementations for all interfaces that match the capabilities used with the RemoteWebDriver
driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}}Of interest, using the RemoteWebDriverBuilder automatically augments the driver, so it is a great way
to get all the functionality by default:
RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.java
packagedev.selenium.drivers;importdev.selenium.BaseTest;importjava.io.File;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.net.URL;importjava.nio.file.Files;importjava.nio.file.Path;importjava.time.Duration;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Comparator;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chromium.HasCasting;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.LocalFileDetector;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;publicclass RemoteWebDriverTestextendsBaseTest{URLgridUrl;@BeforeEachpublicvoidstartGrid(){gridUrl=startStandaloneGrid();}@TestpublicvoidrunRemote(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);}@Testpublicvoiduploads(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");FileuploadFile=newFile("src/test/resources/selenium-snapshot.png");((RemoteWebDriver)driver).setFileDetector(newLocalFileDetector());WebElementfileInput=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();WebElementfileName=driver.findElement(By.id("uploaded-files"));Assertions.assertEquals("selenium-snapshot.png",fileName.getText());}@Testpublicvoiddownloads()throwsIOException{ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();options.setEnableDownloads(true);driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);List<String>fileNames=newArrayList<>();fileNames.add("file_1.txt");fileNames.add("file_2.jpg");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html");driver.findElement(By.id("file-1")).click();driver.findElement(By.id("file-2")).click();newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(d->((HasDownloads)d).getDownloadableFiles().contains("file_2.jpg"));List<String>files=((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles();// Sorting them to avoid differences when comparing the filesfileNames.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());files.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());Assertions.assertEquals(fileNames,files);StringdownloadableFile=files.get(0);PathtargetDirectory=Files.createTempDirectory("download");((HasDownloads)driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile,targetDirectory);StringfileContent=String.join("",Files.readAllLines(targetDirectory.resolve(downloadableFile)));Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, World!",fileContent);((HasDownloads)driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();Assertions.assertTrue(((HasDownloads)driver).getDownloadableFiles().isEmpty());}@Testpublicvoidaugment(){ChromeOptionsoptions=getDefaultChromeOptions();driver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,options);driver=newAugmenter().augment(driver);Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}@TestpublicvoidremoteWebDriverBuilder(){driver=RemoteWebDriver.builder().address(gridUrl).oneOf(getDefaultChromeOptions()).setCapability("ext:options",Map.of("key","value")).config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig()).build();Assertions.assertTrue(driverinstanceofHasCasting);}}.NET uses a custom command executor for executing commands that are valid for the given browser in the remote driver.
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Drivers/RemoteWebDriverTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Drivers
{
[TestClass]
public class RemoteWebDriverTest : BaseTest
{
[TestInitialize]
public async Task Setup()
{
await StartServer();
}
[TestMethod]
public void RunRemote()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(driver, typeof(IHasDownloads));
}
[TestMethod]
public void Uploads()
{
var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload";
string baseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
string relativePath = "../../../TestSupport/selenium-snapshot.png";
string uploadFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(baseDirectory, relativePath));
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();
IWebElement fileName = driver.FindElement(By.Id("uploaded-files"));
Assert.AreEqual("selenium-snapshot.png", fileName.Text);
}
[TestMethod]
public void Downloads()
{
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev/selenium/web/downloads/download.html";
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-1")).Click();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-2")).Click();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => ((RemoteWebDriver)d).GetDownloadableFiles().Contains("file_2.jpg"));
IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_1.txt"));
Assert.IsTrue(names.Contains("file_2.jpg"));
string downloadableFile = names.First(f => f == "file_1.txt");
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);
string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, downloadableFile));
Assert.AreEqual("Hello, World!", fileContent.Trim());
((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();
Assert.IsTrue(((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles().IsNullOrEmpty());
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, recursive: true);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CustomExecutor()
{
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, new FirefoxOptions());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);
Screenshot image = new Screenshot((string)screenshotResponse);
string targetDirectory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);
string targetFile = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(targetDirectory, "fullPage.png"));
using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream(image.AsByteArray))
using (var fileStream = new FileStream(targetFile, FileMode.Create))
{
memoryStream.WriteTo(fileStream);
}
Assert.IsTrue(File.Exists(targetFile));
Directory.Delete(targetDirectory, true);
}
}
}Ruby uses mixins to add applicable browser specific methods to the Remote WebDriver session;
the methods should always just work for you.
Tracing client requests
This feature is only available for Java client binding (Beta onwards). The Remote WebDriver client sends requests to the Selenium Grid server, which passes them to the WebDriver. Tracing should be enabled at the server and client-side to trace the HTTP requests end-to-end. Both ends should have a trace exporter setup pointing to the visualization framework. By default, tracing is enabled for both client and server. To set up the visualization framework Jaeger UI and Selenium Grid 4, please refer to Tracing Setup for the desired version.
For client-side setup, follow the steps below.
Add the required dependencies
Installation of external libraries for tracing exporter can be done using Maven. Add the opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger and grpc-netty dependency in your project pom.xml:
<dependency>
<groupId>io.opentelemetry</groupId>
<artifactId>opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-netty</artifactId>
<version>1.35.0</version>
</dependency>
Add/pass the required system properties while running the client
System.setProperty("otel.traces.exporter","jaeger");System.setProperty("otel.exporter.jaeger.endpoint","http://localhost:14250");System.setProperty("otel.resource.attributes","service.name=selenium-java-client");ImmutableCapabilitiescapabilities=newImmutableCapabilities("browserName","chrome");WebDriverdriver=newRemoteWebDriver(newURL("http://www.example.com"),capabilities);driver.get("http://www.google.com");driver.quit();Please refer to Tracing Setup for more information on external dependencies versions required for the desired Selenium version.
More information can be found at:
- OpenTelemetry: https://opentelemetry.io
- Configuring OpenTelemetry: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-java/tree/main/sdk-extensions/autoconfigure
- Jaeger: https://www.jaegertracing.io
- Selenium Grid Observability
Last modified July 29, 2025: Adding trailing / to retrieve code from GitHub (48b97e9bf82)
