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The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized:Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that controlled Egypt, The Levant, and Hejaz from 1250 to 1517.[5][6][7] The first sultans (kings) of the Mamluk Sultanate were mamluks (slave-soldiers) in the armies of the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mamluk Sultanate was the strongest military power in the central Muslim world. They fended off the Mongols and exterminated the Crusaders in the Holy Land (The Levant).[8] The Mamluk sultans also controlled south-eastern Asia Minor and western Arabia.[8] Most of the sultanate's mamluks were Turkic people or Circassians.[7][5] The Arabic language was the state's and the government's most important language. Most of the sultans carried Arabic names and were heavily Arabized.[7]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Rabbat 2001, p. 69.
- ↑ Fischel 1967, p. 72.
- ↑ Turan, Fikret; Boeschoten, Hendrik; Stein, Heidi (2007). "The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration?". Turcologica. Harrassowitz.
- ↑ Stilt, Kristen (2011). Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. OUP Oxford. ISBN978-0-19-960243-8.
- 1 2 Keough, Leyla (2010). "Mamluk State". In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.; Appiah, Kwame Anthony (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-533770-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ↑ Kazhdan, Alexander P.; Talbot, Alice-Mary (2005) [1991]. "Mamlūks". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-504652-6.
- 1 2 3 Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Mamluk". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-530991-1.
- 1 2 Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Mamluks". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-512558-0.
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