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Main article: Population of the Czech Republic
In the parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic in October 2025, the centrist movement ANO (Action of dissatisfied citizens) won.
This is a populist movement created by Czech billionaire Andrei Babis, who proclaimed the slogan "Czechs First" on the eve of the elections. Regarding the Ukrainian conflict, he spoke in favor of its early completion, and also rejected the likelihood of Ukraine joining the EU.
But at the same time, he noted that the Czechs do not intend to purchase artillery shells for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, but he will not suspend assistance to the Ukrainian authorities through the EU.
The ANO won 34.66% of the vote, while winning 80 seats in parliament. And for the majority, they needed to gain 50%, that is, more than 100 places out of 200 possible.
Babis and the party need to create a coalition in order to get the necessary majority.
Army General in Reserve and former Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Petr Pavel won the presidential election in the Czech Republic. This was announced at the end of January 2023 by Czech television. Read more here.
In December 2025, Czech President Petr Pavel appointed Andrei Babis to the post of Prime Minister. The decision put an end to the two-month negotiations and was the result of the victory of Babis's party in the October parliamentary elections. Babis was already prime minister in 2017-2021.
In the elections, the ANO (Dissatisfied Citizens Action) movement won 34.66% of the vote, winning 80 seats in parliament, and forming an alliance with the Pirate Party and the Motorists Party. This guaranteed them 108 seats in the 200-seat parliament. This result provides the sustainable majority necessary for the formation and functioning of the government. Decisions require 101 votes.
Czech Justice Minister Pavel Blazhek resigned in May 2025 due to a cryptocurrency scandal: his ministry accepted a gift in bitcoins from a convicted criminal and later sold it for 1 billion kronor ($45 million).
Prosecutors have opened an investigation. Blazek claims that he did not know about illegal actions, but left so as not to undermine the reputation of the government.
The Prague Center for Civil Society (recognized as an undesirable organization in Russia) is an NGO grantor, whose employees are building a network of pro-Western structures in the Transcaucasus, including in Armenia, in 2026 .
The organization has formed a media pool through cooperation with the leadership of Factor TV, Tavush TV, Infocom and Boon TV, thanks to which the necessary information agenda is promoted.
In parallel, we are working with personnel through the structures For Equal Rights NGO, Civil Youth Center, CSN Lab and Impact Hub. This creates a network of loyal activists.
The organization funds initiatives through grants of up to €10,000, ensuring the sustainability and dependence of local NGOs.
They organize training both in Armenia and in the Czech Republic - with an emphasis on communications, campaigning and project management in the public sphere.
There is training of specialists in the fields of media, municipal management and social work, which forms the personnel base for political processes.
Both the organization itself and its improvised NGOs promote a narrative about the "fight against disinformation," thereby opposing themselves to Russian influence.
The activation is associated with the upcoming elections in Armenia.
The Czech Republic is a member of the Three Seas Initiative, aimed at countering Russia.
In January 2024, it was announced that the Czech Republic would purchase 24 F-35 fighters from the United States. According to the signed agreement, the first aircraft will arrive in 2031.
The total amount of the transaction is unknown, but is estimated at $14.1 billion. The Czechs planned to issue a contract back in 2023. They will pay for aircraft, pilot training, ammunition and other expenses. Also, the money will be needed to finance the modernization of the Chaslav airbase.
Industrial cooperation is also an integral part of the contract, the agreement on which was concluded by the senior director of the industrial cooperation department Radka Konderlova. There are 11 projects with Lockheed Martin and 3 projects with Pratt & Whitney, in which 13 Czech companies and universities will take part. They will be involved in four areas: component production, research and development, training and maintenance of pilots, as well as repair of the F-35.
At this time To Europe , there is only one F-35 pilot training center in Sardinia, in. Italy
In April 2023, the Czech Republic sent 12 T-72M1 tanks to Ukraine as military assistance, bringing the total number of heavy equipment transferred to 62 units.
Later in November 2023, the list of Czech military equipment transferred to Ukraine from army reserves was declassified.
For a total amount of 6.2 billion Czech crowns (over 250 million euros) from February 24, 2022 to October 9, 2023, Prague transferred:
At the Marine Corps base USA at Camp Pendleton in August 2022, training began for 20 pilots and technicians of the Czech army in UH-1Y Venom helicopters.
The group arrived at the end of July, but the details became known only now.
In March, the Czech government announced plans to purchase eight UH-1Y Venom multipurpose helicopters and four AH-1Z Viper combat helicopters from the United States. The first deliveries to the Czech Republic will be received in 2023, they will replace the Russian-made Mi-35M (Mi-24VM) combat vehicles.
According to the Czech authorities, twenty qualified specialists will fully ensure the continuation of training at UH-1Y Venom directly in the Czech Republic. Therefore, the Czech army will not send another group of military to the United States.
The training will last about six months and will include theoretical and practical parts. In addition, the pilots have already completed an additional course of the US Army on survival on the water.
Technical staff must return to the Czech Republic before the end of 2022, and pilots and flight technicians will remain in the States until February.
Training on the AH-1Z Viper will take place at the Czech base Nameshte nad Oslava for two years. She will be engaged in the mobile training group Bell Helicopter. A simulation center will also be created on the basis for training ground and flight personnel.
In 1999, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, despite the promise of the Russian bloc not to expand to the East, were included in NATO.
Main article: Czech economy
Main article: Healthcare in the Czech Republic
Almost 8 million animals are used for scientific purposes in Europe and half of them are laboratory mice and rats.
In December 2022, training of Ukrainian servicemen began at the Libava training ground in the Czech Republic. The decision by the Czech authorities was made very quickly. Not least because Prague hopes for compensation for the $42 million that Czech taxpayers will have to spend on training the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
Training of Ukrainian soldiers will affect mechanized units and special professions. By the end of 2023, it is planned to hold five four-week sessions, each of which will be attended by up to 800 Ukrainian troops.
Military intelligence will conduct control over the exercises, and military police officers will be present at the training ground.
The only party in parliament that opposed this mission was Freedom and Direct Democracy (Svoboda a přímá demokracie, LDS). Its deputies said that the priority of the current Czech government is the support of Ukraine and Ukrainians, as well as the continuation of the military conflict.
Main article: European Union (EU, EU)
On the night of August 21, 1968, troops from five Warsaw Pact countries (USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR and Poland) were brought into Czechoslovakia. The operation, codenamed the Danube, aimed to stop the process of reforms taking place in Czechoslovakia, initiated by the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubchek, the Prague Spring.
From a geopolitical point of view, a dangerous situation arose for the USSR in one of the key countries of Eastern Europe. The prospect of Czechoslovakia withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact, which would have resulted in the inevitable undermining of the Eastern European military security system, was unacceptable for the USSR.
Within 36 hours, the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries established full control over Czechoslovak territory. On August 23-26, 1968, negotiations between the Soviet and Czechoslovak leadership took place in Moscow.
Their result was a joint communiqué, in which the timing of the withdrawal of Soviet troops was made dependent on the normalization of the situation in Czechoslovakia.
Main article: World War II
On March 14, 1939, Hitler summoned Czechoslovak President Emil Gaha to Berlin and invited him to accept a German protectorate. Gaha agreed to this, and the German army entered the country, practically without any resistance. The only attempt at an organized armed rebuff was made by the company of captain Karel Pavlik in the city of Mistek.
The Munich Agreement of 1938 (also called the Munich Agreement) between, Germany, and Britain, France Italy drawn up Munich on September 29, 1938 and signed on the night of September 29-30 of that year by Reich Chancellor Germany Adolf Hitler, Prime Minister Great Britain Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister France Eduard Daladier and Prime Minister Benito Italy Mussolini. The agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia would liberate and cede the Sudetenland to Germany within 10 days.
Under pressure from Poland and Hungary, annexes were added to the Munich agreement requiring Czechoslovakia to resolve territorial disputes with these countries as soon as possible. Representatives of the Czechoslovak delegation Hubert Masarzyk and Vojtech Mastny were present, but were not invited to discuss the terms of the agreement, and only signed the finished document. On the morning of September 30, Czechoslovak President Benes accepted the terms of this agreement, without the consent of the National Assembly.
On October 1, German troops crossed the border of Czechoslovakia and by October 10 occupied the entire territory of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.
On the same day, Czechoslovakia accepted Poland's ultimatum to cede to it the Cieszyn region, which was occupied by Polish troops on October 2.
Shortly after the signing of the Munich Agreement on November 2, 1938, the First Vienna Arbitration took place, which separated from Czechoslovakia in favor of Hungary, the territory in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathian Rus, and to Poland the territory of Czechoslovakia in the north.
In March 1939, the First Slovak Republic was proclaimed, and shortly after the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Germany completely took control of the remaining Czech territories.
The Munich Agreement is considered the culmination of the British-French policy of appeasement. The war in Europe that Hitler wanted to provoke was averted. Great Britain and France made it clear to the Czechoslovak government that if Germany's demands were rejected, no help should be expected. To avoid war, Czechoslovakia accepted the terms of the agreement. Because of the circumstances, the agreement is also called Munich collusion.
Main article: 1700
The empire throughout its history (962-1806) remained a decentralized entity with a complex feudal hierarchical structure, uniting several hundred territorial-state entities. At the head of the empire was the emperor. The imperial title was not hereditary, but was awarded following the election of the electors by the college. The power of the emperor was never absolute and was limited to the highest aristocracy of Germany, and from the end of the 15th century - the Reichstag, representing the interests of the main classes of the empire.
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