 |
VOOZH | about |
|
VOOZH | about |
genkernel is a tool created by Gentoo used to automate the build process of the kernel and initramfs. Some of the general features include:
Same is true for genkernel's initramfs: Its primary job is to bring up only the basic stuff needed to mount a (block) device containing the root filesystem so that it can hand off control to real system as soon as possible.
+firmware
|
Prefer system firmware sys-kernel/linux-firmware over local copy. |
ibm
|
Add support for IBM ppc64 specific systems |
systemd
|
Enable use of systemd-specific libraries and features like socket activation or session tracking |
Initiate the installation of genkernel:
root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/genkernelThe general form of genkernel invocation is as follows:
root #genkernel [options ...] actionThe actual behavior of genkernel depends on a large variety of options, the majority of which can be set/unset in the /etc/genkernel.conf file or passed via the genkernel command on each invocation. Options passed over the command line take precedence over options defined in /etc/genkernel.conf. The configuration file is very well documented, however some of the most commonly used options will be explored in this article. The goal is for the reader to be familiar with common genkernel invocations. For a more complete set of explanations refer to the comments in /etc/genkernel.conf itself or to the output of man genkernel.
--[no-]option_name, and the converse effect is shown in square brackets as in the following example:
--[no-]menuconfig : Activates [deactivates] ...
no-, and its effect, which are not optional in this case, are figured without square brackets.The configuration options listed below help the user decide how to interact with the configuration process. Users can even choose whether or not the configuration file created in the process should be saved. The following are considered primary configuration options:
--config=/path/to/genkernel.conf--kernel-config=/path/to/kernel.config--[no-]menuconfig--gconfig--xconfig--[no-]save-config--kernel-append-localversion=-mycfg42The configuration options listed here defines which features will or will not be enabled in the resulting kernel and initrd/initramfs.
--[no-]splash--splash=PreferredTheme (where PreferredTheme is the title of one of the directories inside the /etc/splash directory).--splash-res=PreferredResolution--do-keymap-auto--keymapkeymap (name of the keymap file without .map). Available keymap files can be found in /usr/share/genkernel/defaults/keymaps/.loadkeys --bkeymap. See loadkeys man page for details.--lvm--dmraid--lukscrypt_root, and root shall be the unencrypted device LUKS creates ( i.e /dev/mapper/root will be path to mount, and proper boot parameters line will look, like this: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="... crypt_root=UUID=<crypto_LUKS uuid> root=/dev/mapper/root ...").--iscsi--multipath--linuxrc=/path/to/the/linuxrc_file--cachedir=/path/to/alt/dir--tmpdir=/path/to/new/tempdir--unionfs--mountboot--microcodeThe following options are supported by genkernel, and are passed to the relevant applications while the kernel is being assembled. The options affect low level kernel compilation tools.
--kernel-cc=someCompiler--kernel-ld=someLinker--kernel-as=someAssembler--kernel-make=someMake--utils-cc=someCompiler--utils-ld=someLinker--utils-as=someAssembler--utils-make=someMake--makeopts=-jXX is a number to be freely chosen, although the most common values are obtained by adding one (1) to the number of cores used by the system, or just use the number of cores on the system. So, for a system with one core, most common option values are -j2 or -j1; a system with two cores most likely uses the -j3 or -j2 options, and so on. (A system with one processor that supports Hyper-Threading™ (HT) Technology can be assumed to have 2 cores, provided Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) support is enabled in the kernel.)The following options usually take effect during the actual compilation:
--kerneldir=/path/to/sources/--kernel-config=/path/to/config-file--kerneldir and look for kernel config (KV) in /etc/kernels/kernel-config-$KV. If no kernel configuration was found, genkernel will look for a generic kernel configuration in /usr/share/genkernel/$ARCH. A special value default can be used to force usage of genkernel's generic kernel configuration. --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz to start building a new kernel based on kernel configuration from currently running kernel.CONFIG_IKCONFIG=y which is normally the case.--module-prefix=/path/to/prefix-directory/--[no-]clean--[no-]mrproper--oldconfig--oldconfig is used in conjunction with --clean, the latter option is negated, resulting in the activation of the --no-clean option.--[no-]module-rebuild--callback="echo hello"--module-rebuild was introduced, see above.--[no-]install--no-ramdisk-modulesno- prefix; omission of this prefix creates an invalid genkernel option.--all-ramdisk-modules--genzimageThe use of debugging options during the kernel compilation process controls the amount of information reported, as well as the presentation of said data.
--loglevel=<0|1|2|3|4|5>LOGLEVEL is an integer between 0 and 5. The level '0' represents minimal output (=no output), while '5' provides as much information as possible about genkernel's activities during the kernel compilation and initramfs assemble process. --loglevel only controls output shown on screen.--logfile=/path/to/output_file--[no-]color--[no-]cleanupThe action passed on the command line with the genkernel [options …] action tells genkernel what action to perform. The following actions are supported:
| Action | Description |
|---|---|
| all | Builds all stages — the initrd, kernel image and modules. |
| bzImage | Only builds the kernel image. |
| kernel | Only builds the kernel image and modules. |
| initramfs | Only builds the initramfs/ramdisk image. |
| ramdisk | Only builds the initramfs/ramdisk image. |
Although there are several ways to run genkernel, the least-intrusive approach recommended for most users is provided by genkernel all. Here, a generic configuration which works well for most systems is used. As was mentioned earlier, this approach is not without drawbacks; most of the modules created are useless to the average user and may increase compile time. Below is an illustration of a more efficient approach, achieved by passing certain options to genkernel as root:
root #genkernel --luks --no-install --no-clean --menuconfig allThe above operation causes genkernel to create a kernel capable to open LUKS and LUKS2 encrypted volumes, compile and embed cryptsetup into initramfs (--luks), both kernel and initramfs will have to be manually installed (--no-install). While preparing the kernel source tree, genkernel will refrain from cleaning out any preexisting object files present in the source tree (--no-clean). A menu-driven kernel configuration utility will be displayed that allows the user to select which modules will be built for the system (--menuconfig).
Replacing --no-install with the --install option allows genkernel to automatically install the new kernel in the /boot directory, and will create symlinks if --symlink is specified. Using the --mountboot option allows genkernel to mount the /boot partition automatically, if necessary.
It is now recommended to mount the UEFI system boot partition (ESP) under /efi instead of /boot.
By default, the kernel is written to /boot, which used to be the ESP in certain configurations, but is now on the root partition. Reasons to write the kernel to /efi include:
To point genkernel to /efi, either add --bootdir=/efi to the genkernel command or BOOTDIR="/efi" to /etc/genkernel.conf.
/etc/genkernel.confChanging the boot directory to /efi in /etc/genkernel.conf# Set the boot directory, default is /boot BOOTDIR="/efi"
The first thing that should be done is to allow the triggering of make menuconfig in the /etc/genkernel.conf file:
/etc/genkernel.confForcing the use of the configuration menu in /etc/genkernel.conf# Run 'make menuconfig' before compiling this kernel? MENUCONFIG="yes"
While using genkernel, the user has to be aware of some aspects relating to kernel configuration and kernel image files management and the way the kernel sources are handled by the system.
After issuing emerge -u gentoo-sources, a directory is created under /usr/src/ to store new sources. Normally, the active kernel sources directory is pointed to by the /usr/src/linux symlink.
The /usr/src directory might look like this:
user $ls -l /usr/srctotal 24 drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Dec 16 00:56 . drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 Dec 15 12:42 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 19 2015 .keep lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Dec 16 00:56 linux -> linux-5.3.14-gentoo-r1 drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 4096 Nov 24 03:33 linux-4.19.85-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 Dec 9 15:10 linux-4.19.88-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 Dec 16 00:51 linux-4.19.89-gentoo drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Dec 16 00:58 linux-5.3.14-gentoo-r1
The /usr/src/linux symlink can be changed in different ways.
symlink USE is set the /usr/src/linux symlink is automatically updated to point to the newly emerged sources.symlink USE is not set, the user can change the destination of the symlink using the eselect kernel list followed by the eselect kernel set command.genkernel will always (exclusively) use the sources pointed by the /usr/src/linux symlink.
If a kernel compilation has already been run with the active kernel sources, there might be a file inside the /etc/kernels directory that contains the kernel configuration that has been applied while creating the last bzImage of the kernel. This file is named, for example kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 where x86_64 might be substituted with the system's architecture, 5.3.14-gentoo-r1 might be substituted with the package/version of the sources used, and wifitest2 with the LOCALVERSION appended user value.
It is this kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 file that is used as a starting configuration when running genkernel --menuconfig all.
If it is the first time that genkernel is run with the new kernel sources, or if the previous result has not been saved, this file is substituted with a default configuration file that resides at usr/share/genkernel/arch/x86_64/generated-config where x86_64 is substituted with the actual architecture.
.
If the --save-config genkernel option is activated, either from the command line or inside /etc/genkernel.conf, the compiled kernel configuration is saved (with the name given above) into the /etc/kernels directory. At the same time, the configuration is saved in the .config file in /usr/src/linux directory but this file is not reused on the next genkernel all run.
--save-config genkernel option set, the configuration file in /etc/kernels is overridden. Thus, it is highly recommended to copy this file under a new name before running genkernel in order to preserve it.Specifying the --install option when invoking genkernel, will ask genkernel to install the kernel image and the initramfs into the /boot directory. In order to run --install a convenient manner, set the following in the /etc/genkernel.conf file:
/etc/genkernel.confSetting up kernel and initramfs auto-saving# Mount BOOTDIR automatically if it isn't mounted MOUNTBOOT="yes" # Save the new configuration in /etc/kernels upon # successful compilation SAVE_CONFIG="yes" # Make symlinks in BOOTDIR automatically SYMLINK="yes" # Add new kernel to grub # Possible values: empty/"no", "grub", "grub2" BOOTLOADER="grub2"
After running genkernel --menuconfig all, the /boot directory might look like this:
user $ls -al /boottotal 69388 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 Dec 16 00:58 System.map -> System.map-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3465443 Dec 9 15:05 System.map-4.19.88-gentoo-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3465554 Dec 16 00:45 System.map-4.19.89-gentoo-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3645309 Dec 15 16:07 System.map-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3645309 Dec 15 16:07 System.map-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64.old -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3645309 Dec 16 00:58 System.map-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 21 2015 efi drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Dec 16 01:02 grub lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 16 01:02 initramfs -> initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3631084 Dec 9 15:34 initramfs-4.19.88-gentoo-x86_64.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3637148 Dec 16 00:54 initramfs-4.19.89-gentoo-x86_64.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3670176 Dec 15 17:41 initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3669692 Dec 16 01:02 initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168960 Nov 16 19:10 intel-uc.img lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 Dec 16 00:58 kernel -> vmlinuz-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7509552 Dec 9 15:05 vmlinuz-4.19.88-gentoo-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7509552 Dec 16 00:45 vmlinuz-4.19.89-gentoo-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7784496 Dec 15 16:07 vmlinuz-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7784496 Dec 15 16:07 vmlinuz-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64.old -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7784496 Dec 16 00:58 vmlinuz-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2
TODO
The symlinks presented above in the bootloader's configuration can be used so that, even if the new kernel is not bootable, the user can always boot on the old one.
To allow the kernel and intird provided by genkernel to run correctly, provide a minimum information in bootloader's configuration file:
root=/dev/sdaN to the kernel parameters passed to the kernel image, where /dev/sdaN points to the root partition (N is the number of the partition if a partition exists).vga=0x317 to the parameters passed to the kernel and also add splash=verbose or splash=silent depending on the verboseness required through the boot process.Here is how the grub.conf file might look.
/boot/grub/grub.confAn example of grub.conf file# This is a sample grub.conf for use with Genkernel, per the Gentoo handbook # http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&chap=10#doc_chap2 # When not using Genkernel, see the handbook. # Alternatively, see grub.conf.sample in the GRUB documentation. default0 timeout5 splashimage=(hd1,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz titleGentooLinux root(hd0,6) kernel/boot/kernelinitrd=/dev/ram0root=/dev/sda7rootfstype=ext4 initrd/boot/initramfs titleGentooLinuxoldkernel root(hd0,6) kernel/boot/kernel.oldinitrd=/dev/ram0root=/dev/sda7rootfstype=ext4 initrd/boot/initramfs.old
TODO
TODO
The genkernel application automatically saves new changes to the files. If previous changes are to be preserved, then the following actions need to be taken.
The previous configuration can be used through the MENUCONFIG variable in /etc/genkernel.conf as follows:
/etc/genkernel.confSetting up make menuconfig# Run 'make menuconfig' before compiling this kernel MENUCONFIG="yes"
Before booting the system, it might be wise checking that initramfs includes necessary utilities and modules. For example, to utilize remote unlock capabilities for a headless system using LUKS, ensure that kernel modules for the network interface card, dropbear, and cryptsetup have been included.
Since genkernel-4, created initramfs can be processed using the lsinitrd command from the sys-kernel/dracut package:
user $lsinitrd /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img
Image: /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img: 4,5M ======================================================================== Version: Genkernel 4.0.1 (2019-12-16 00:48:10 UTC) Arguments: --boot-font=none --keymap --compress-initramfs --no-microcode-initramfs --ramdisk-modules --busybox --no-btrfs --no-iscsi --no-multipath --no-dmraid --mdadm --lvm --no-unionfs --no-zfs --no-splash --no-strace --no-gpg --luks --no-firmware --firmware-dir=/lib/firmware --ssh --no-e2fsprogs --no-xfsprogs dracut modules: ======================================================================== drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 . drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/ash -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/[ -> busybox -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2351376 Dec 16 01:49 bin/busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/cat -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/cut -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/echo -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/mknod -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/mount -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/sh -> busybox lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 bin/uname -> busybox drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 dev drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 Dec 16 01:49 etc/build_date -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 16 01:49 etc/build_id drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear -rw------- 1 root root 140 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/dropbear_ecdsa_host_key -rw------- 1 root root 806 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key prw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/fifo_root prw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/dropbear/fifo_swap -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 97 Dec 16 01:49 etc/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 16 01:49 etc/group -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3742 Dec 16 01:49 etc/initrd.defaults -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69232 Dec 16 01:49 etc/initrd.scripts -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 441 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.cache -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 78 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 81 Dec 16 01:49 etc/ld.so.conf.d/05gcc-x86_64-pc-linux-gnu.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2298 Dec 16 01:49 etc/localtime drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm/cache -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95231 Dec 16 01:49 etc/lvm/lvm.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2882 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdadm.conf drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1172 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 666 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers/nvme -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1295 Dec 16 01:49 etc/mdev/helpers/storage-device drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1186 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d/aliases.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 122 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modprobe.d/i386.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/ataraid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/block -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 180 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/crypto -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/dmraid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/firewire -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 123 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/fs -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 86 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/hyperv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/iscsi -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 437 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/lvm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/mdadm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 75 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/multipath -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 214 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/net -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 56 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/nvme -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 519 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/pata -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 83 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/pcmcia -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/sata -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 523 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/scsi -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 350 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/usb -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 133 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/virtio -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 etc/modules/waitscan -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47 Dec 16 01:49 etc/passwd -rw-r----- 1 root root 22 Dec 16 01:49 etc/shadow -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25 Dec 16 01:49 etc/shells -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 32331 Dec 16 01:49 init drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 .initrd drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 lib32 -> lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 lib64 -> lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/console drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut/build-parameter.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 42 Dec 16 01:49 lib/dracut/dracut-gk-version.info drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/10.map -> croat.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/11.map -> cz.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/12.map -> de.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/13.map -> dk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/14.map -> dvorak.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/15.map -> es.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/16.map -> et.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/17.map -> fi.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/18.map -> fr.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/19.map -> gr.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/1.map -> azerty.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/20.map -> hu.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/21.map -> il.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/22.map -> is.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/23.map -> it.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/24.map -> jp.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/25.map -> la.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/26.map -> lt.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/27.map -> mk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/28.map -> nl.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/29.map -> no.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/2.map -> be.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/30.map -> pl.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/31.map -> pt.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/32.map -> ro.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/33.map -> ru.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/34.map -> se.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/35.map -> sf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/36.map -> sg.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/37.map -> sk-y.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/38.map -> sk-z.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/39.map -> slovene.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/3.map -> bepo.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/40.map -> trf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/41.map -> ua.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/42.map -> uk.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/43.map -> us.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/44.map -> wangbe.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/4.map -> bg.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/5.map -> br-a.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/6.map -> br-l.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/7.map -> by.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/8.map -> cf.map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/9.map -> colemak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/azerty.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/be.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/bepo.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/bg.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/br-a.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/br-l.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/by.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/cf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/colemak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/croat.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/cz.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/de.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/dk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/dvorak.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/es.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/et.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/fi.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/fr.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/gr.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/hu.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/il.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/is.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/it.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/jp.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 518 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/keymapList -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/la.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/lt.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/mk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/nl.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/no.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/pl.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/pt.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ro.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ru.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/se.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sg.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sk-y.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/sk-z.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/slovene.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/trf.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/ua.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/uk.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/us.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2823 Dec 16 01:49 lib/keymaps/wangbe.map -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 169376 Dec 16 01:49 lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1913648 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libc.so.6 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 26800 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_dns.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_dns.so.2 -> libnss_dns.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 51536 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_files.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libnss_files.so.2 -> libnss_files.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 88736 Dec 16 01:49 lib/libresolv.so.2 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/crypto -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7152 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/crypto/algif_rng.ko drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid/usbhid -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 66448 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/hid/usbhid/usbhid.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19024 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-log.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27256 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-mirror.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 49200 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-raid.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16536 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/md/dm-region-hash.ko drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel/e1000 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 70480 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/net/intel/e1000/e1000.ko drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/common -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6584 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/common/usb-common.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/core -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 308944 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/core/usbcore.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 60416 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10616 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-pci.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 46072 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/ohci-hcd.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35896 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.ko drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/storage -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 126512 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95664 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat/fat.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16104 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/kernel/fs/fat/msdos.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32434 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.alias -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 42356 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.alias.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8132 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.builtin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11529 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.builtin.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15196 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.dep -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23748 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.dep.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.devname -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8320 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.order -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 117 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.softdep -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24707 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.symbols -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29469 Dec 16 01:49 lib/modules/5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2/modules.symbols.bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Dec 16 01:49 linuxrc -> init drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 proc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 root drwx------ 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 root/.ssh -rw------- 1 root root 742 Dec 16 01:49 root/.ssh/authorized_keys drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 run -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 run/utmp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 sbin -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1105720 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/blkid -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2813384 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/cryptsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/dmsetup -> ../usr/sbin/dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/dmstats -> ../usr/sbin/dmstats lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/init -> ../init lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/lvm -> ../usr/sbin/lvm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1510360 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/mdadm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1267904 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/mdmon drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 sys drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 tmp drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearconvert -> dropbearmulti lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearkey -> dropbearmulti -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1365144 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/dropbearmulti -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2881 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/login-remote.sh lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 16 01:49 usr/bin/scp -> dropbearmulti drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib32 -> lib lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Dec 16 01:49 usr/lib64 -> lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_metadata_size -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_repair -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_restore -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/cache_writeback -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1262952 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dmstats -> dmsetup lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/dropbear -> ../bin/dropbearmulti lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_invalidate -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/era_restore -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2905416 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/lvm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3061192 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 609 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/resume-boot lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_check -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_delta -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_dump -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_ls -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_metadata_size -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_repair -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_restore -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_rmap -> pdata_tools lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/thin_trim -> pdata_tools -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3076 Dec 16 01:49 usr/sbin/unlock-luks drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share/udhcpc -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1098 Dec 16 01:49 usr/share/udhcpc/default.script drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log/lastlog -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Dec 16 01:49 var/log/wtmp lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Dec 16 01:49 var/run -> ../run ========================================================================
The output above shows the e1000.ko file for an Intel NIC, the dropbear executable (usr/bin/dropbearmulti), and the cryptsetup (sbin/cryptsetup) executable have been embedded into the initramfs file.
To extract a generated initramfs to inspect its content:
root #mkdir /tmp/initramfs
root #cd /tmp/initramfs
root #xzcat /boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64-wifitest2.img | cpio -idmv
root #ls -l sbin/cryptsetup
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2813384 Dec 16 01:49 sbin/cryptsetup
For microcode (ucode) updates, kernel must support (early-)microcode loading and microcode updates must be present early at boot. See Microcode article for more details.
By default, genkernel will enable microcode loading support in kernel for both, AMD and Intel processors. This behavior can be controlled through MICROCODE option in /etc/genkernel.conf or by using the --microcode=(no|all|amd|intel) command-line parameter during invocation.
To embed microcode (ucode) updates into initramfs, MICROCODE_INITRAMFS must be enabled in /etc/genkernel.conf or command-line parameter --microcode-initramfs must be passed at invocation. This will cause genkernel to prepend microcode(s) for selected processor (see --microcode option above) to initramfs in case sys-firmware/intel-microcode with the split-ucode USE flag for Intel processors and/or sys-kernel/linux-firmware for AMD processors is installed.
initramfs USE flag to be enabled. Let the bootloader load /boot/amd-uc.img and/or /boot/intel-uc.img in addition to genkernel's initramfs. This will enable updating of the CPU microcode independently of kernel/initramfs updates.Specific firmware files can be added to genkernel's automatically generated initramfs when listed, with relative paths, in the variable FIRMWARE_FILES in /etc/genkernel.conf. When sys-kernel/genkernel is installed with USE="firmware" it will prefer firmware files from /lib/firmware.
/etc/genkernel.confIncluding firmware in the initramfs# Add firmware(s) to initramfs FIRMWARE="yes" # Specify directory to pull from FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware" # Specify a comma-separated list of firmware files or directories to include, # relative to FIRMWARE_DIR. If empty or unset, the full contents of # FIRMWARE_DIR will be included (if FIRMWARE option above is set to YES). FIRMWARE_FILES="<comma-separated list of firmware files here>"
In case sys-kernel/gentoo-sources is installed with USE="experimental" and the kernel is configured with CONFIG_GENTOO_PRINT_FIRMWARE_INFO=y, the following command gets a comma-separated list of all currently loaded firmware files for the use in the FIRMWARE_FILES variable from /etc/genkernel.conf as illustrated above (the output is just an example):
root #dmesg -t | grep '^Loading firmware*' | sed 's/^Loading\sfirmware:\s//' | echo $(cat) | tr ' ' ',' amdgpu/green_sardine_sdma.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_asd.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_ta.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_pfp.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_me.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_ce.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_rlc.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_mec.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_dmcub.bin,amdgpu/green_sardine_vcn.bin,regulatory.db,regulatory.db.p7s,rtw89/rtw8852a_fw.bin,rtl_bt/rtl8852au_fw.bin,rtl_bt/rtl8852au_config.bin,rtl_nic/rtl8168h-2.fw
It is also possible to incorporate the firmware into the kernel image directly, but be aware that CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE in the kernel configuration file .config (normally found in /usr/src/linux) requires a space-separated list (output example):
root #dmesg -t | grep '^Loading firmware*' | sed 's/^Loading\sfirmware:\s//' | echo $(cat) amdgpu/green_sardine_sdma.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_asd.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_ta.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_pfp.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_me.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_ce.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_rlc.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_mec.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_dmcub.bin amdgpu/green_sardine_vcn.bin regulatory.db regulatory.db.p7s rtw89/rtw8852a_fw.bin rtl_bt/rtl8852au_fw.bin rtl_bt/rtl8852au_config.bin rtl_nic/rtl8168h-2.fw
M in the kernel configuration, and to notthe modules in initramfs. The modules will be loaded after switching to the real / (root) directory, where all firmware files will be available from sys-kernel/linux-firmware (and others) under /lib/firmware. When a system boots successfully with this method, running the above command will gather a complete list of the required firmware files. The files can be included in the initramfs (or the kernel itself), allowing for the drivers to be compiled directly into the kernel, * in the kernel configuration, or to include the drivers as kernel modules in the initramfs as well. In both cases loading the modules will be earlier and it will be successful with the availability of the firmware files in the initramfs, which must be loaded alongside the kernel e.g. using GRUB.genkernel can embed the net-misc/dropbear SSH daemon into the initramfs which will allow fixing certain things on boot remotely when initramfs is at least able to load. The most common used feature will be remote unlock capability for LUKS-encrypted root or swap devices or ZFS volumes.
A authorized_keys file must exist before genkernel will be invoked. By default, genkernel will look for /etc/dropbear/authorized_keys. Command-line argument --ssh-authorized-keys-file=/path/to/custom/authorized_keys or genkernel configuration option SSH_AUTHORIZED_KEYS_FILE can be used to alter default value.
To embed SSH daemon into genkernel's initramfs, run genkernel with --ssh command-line argument or set SSH="yes" in genkernel configuration file. Needless to mention that this feature will require working network at boot. The following example will just (re-)build initramfs with SSH daemon embedded:
root #genkernel --ssh initramfs
* Gentoo Linux Genkernel; Version 4.0.1 * Using genkernel configuration from '/etc/genkernel.conf' ... * Running with options: --ssh initramfs * Working with Linux kernel 5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 for x86_64 * Using kernel config file '/etc/kernels/kernel-config-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64' ... * initramfs: >> Initializing ... * >> Appending devices cpio data ... * >> Appending base_layout cpio data ... * >> Appending auxilary cpio data ... * >> Appending blkid cpio data ... * >> Appending busybox cpio data ... * >> Appending dropbear cpio data ... ================================================================= This initramfs' sshd will use the following host key(s): 256 MD5:a5:13:09:90:5b:f6:a1:95:49:9f:87:d9:fa:e5:d8:02 (ECDSA) 256 SHA256:5dxNGEOwH9hvX4+sV4WtzRV/9m8/hrhgnNtTplZf5x8 (ECDSA) 2048 MD5:1d:e6:cc:ce:c8:96:a0:73:3e:4c:2a:56:ce:b9:10:26 (RSA) 2048 SHA256:V4WrMKhfVSxSeW3XIbW8dSaAmXiwN6jiMA/geNKLcqA (RSA) ================================================================= * >> Appending modprobed cpio data ... * >> Appending modules cpio data ... * >> Appending linker cpio data ... * >> Deduping cpio ... * >> Pre-generating initramfs' /etc/ld.so.cache ... * >> Compressing cpio data (.xz) ... * * You will find the initramfs in '/boot/initramfs-5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64.img'. * WARNING... WARNING... WARNING... * Additional kernel parameters that *may* be required to boot properly: * - Add "dosshd" to start SSH daemon in initramfs * Do NOT report kernel bugs as genkernel bugs unless your bug * is about the default genkernel configuration... * * Make sure you have the latest ~arch genkernel before reporting bugs.
--ssh-host-keys command-line option and see genkernel's man page for more details.Just adding SSH daemon to initramfs is not enough. Because exposing any network service could be a security risk, this feature must be enabled via the kernel command-line argument dosshd! See Configure Network for how to configure network in genkernel.
There are two possibilities to unlock LUKS-encrypted root and/or swap volume: A manual way, through an SSH connection, run a command and will get prompted for passphrase(s) or an automatic way where user passes passphrase through SSH as command.
--luks command-line argument and kernel must be booted with crypt_root (and/or crypt_swap) kernel command-line argument.
ZFS user must generate kernel/initramfs with --zfs command-line argument and kernel must be booted with dozfs kernel command-line argument.Connect to the remote system through SSH and run the following commands:
user $ssh root@remote-system-running-genkernel-initramfs-with-dosshd
>> Welcome to Genkernel 4.0.1 (2019-12-16 22:34:14 UTC) remote rescue shell! >> ...running Linux kernel 5.3.14-gentoo-r1-x86_64 >> The lockfile '/tmp/remote-rescueshell.lock' was created. >> In order to resume boot process, run 'resume-boot'. >> Be aware that it will kill your connection which means >> you will no longer be able to work in this shell. >> To remote unlock LUKS-encrypted root device, run 'unlock-luks root'. remote rescueshell ~ # unlock-luks root >> Detected real_root as a md device. Setting up the device node ... Enter passphrase for /dev/md126: >> LUKS device /dev/md126 opened remote rescueshell ~ # resume-boot >> Resuming boot process ...
crypt_root= set in kernel command-line. In case system was booted with crypt_swap= there will be an additional prompt regarding how to unlock swap.
ZFS user will get prompted to use unlock-zfs command instead.It's basically the same like manual unlock just without the need to manually run resume-boot. In case user has both, encrypted root and swap volume, user must unlock swap volume first:
user $cat /path/to/secret.key/on/local/disk | ssh root@remote-system-running-genkernel-initramfs-with-dosshd post root
>> Detected real_root as a md device. Setting up the device node ... >> LUKS device /dev/md126 opened >> Resuming boot process ...
The genkernel utility can build kernel and initrd images that provide support for network booting, or netbooting. With any luck, users should be able to netboot any recent computer into the environment provided by the Installation CD.
The magic lies in genkernel's linuxrc script: it will try to netmount the Installation CD using NFS. From there, the init scripts of the Installation CD can take over, as if the CD was present locally.
To enable support for netbooting, include the following options while configuring the kernel:
First, the kernel image must include the drivers for the system's Network Interface Cards (NIC). Normally, drivers for such devices will be compiled as modules. However, it is essential (for netbooting) that such drivers are compiled directly into the kernel image and not as modules.
Device Drivers ---> Networking Support ---> Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) ---> [*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) <*> The driver(s) for each network card
Secondly, it is suggested that IP: kernel level autoconfiguration is enabled as well as IP: DHCP support options. This avoids an unnecessary layer of complexity since the IP address and the NFS path to the Installation CD can be configured on a DHCP server. Of course, this means the kernel command line will remain constant for any machine — which is very important for etherbooting.
Device Drivers ---> Networking Support ---> Networking options [*] TCP/IP networking---> [*] IP: kernel level autoconfiguration [*] IP: DHCP support
Tells the kernel to send a DHCP request at bootup.
Additionally, enable SquashFS because most modern Gentoo Installation CDs require it. Support for SquashFS is not included with the generic kernel source tree. To enable SquashFS, apply the necessary patches to the generic kernel source or install gentoo-sources.
File systems---> Miscellaneous filesystems ---> [*] SquashFS 2.X - Squashed file system support
Once the compilation process is completed, create a compressed tarball (tar.gz) that contains the kernel's modules. This step is only necessary if the kernel version does not match the kernel image version on the Installation CD.
To create an archive containing all the modules:
root #cd /
root #tar -cf /tmp/modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz /lib/modules/X.Y.Z/Depending on the network boot mechanism, one of the following steps need to be followed:
To create an etherboot image:
root #emerge --ask net-misc/mknbiroot #cd /boot
root #mkelf-linux -params="root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc ip=dhcp" kernel... initrd... > etherboot.imgTo create an OpenBoot/SPARC64 TFTP image:
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/sparc-utilsroot #cd /boot
root #elftoaout kernel... -o kernel.aout
root #piggyback64 kernel.aout System.map-... initrd-...
root #mv kernel.aout openboot.imgThe openboot.img file is the boot image.
Finally, copy this kernel to the TFTP server. The details are architecture-dependent and are beyond the scope of this guide. Please refer to the documentation for the specific platform of interest.
To setup a NFS share that contains the Installation CD, use the loop device to mount the ISO image and then copy the contents of the CD into the NFS share. As a nice extra, genkernel's initrd scripts will extract all tar.gz files located in the /nfs/livecd/add/ directory. All that needs to be done here is copy the modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz archive to the /nfs/livecd/add/ directory.
The following assumes that /nfs/livecd is an exported NFS share:
root #mount /tmp/gentoo-livecd.iso /mnt/cdrom -o loop
root #cp -p /mnt/cdrom /nfs/livecd
root #umount /mnt/cdromNow copy the modules.tar.gz file into /add:
root #mkdir /nfs/livecd/add
root #cp /tmp/modules-X.Y.Z.tar.gz /nfs/livecd/addThe netboot images will ask the DHCP server on the network for an IP as well as a root-path option. Both can be specified per host using a MAC address to identify machines:
/etc/dhcpd.confSample client dhcpd.conf setup# Here, 192.168.1.2 is the NFS server while 192.168.1.10 will be the IP address of the netbooted machine
host netbootableMachine {
hardware ethernet 11:22:33:44:55:66;
fixed-address 192.168.1.10;
option root-path "192.168.1.2:/nfs/livecd";
}
Netbooting itself is again very platform-specific. The important part is to specify the ip=dhcp and init=/linuxrc parameters on the kernel command line, as this will bring up the network interface and tell the initrd scripts to mount the Installation CD via NFS. Here are some platform-specific tips.
For etherboot, insert the etherboot disk into the drive and reboot. The kernel command line was specified when the image was constructed.
With Sparc64, press + at the boot prompt and then enter:
okboot net ip=dhcp init=/linuxrcFor PXE, setup pxelinux (part of syslinux), then create a pxelinux.cfg/default along the lines of:
pxelinux.cfg/defaultDefault entryDEFAULT gentoo TIMEOUT 40 PROMPT 1 LABEL gentoo KERNEL kernel-X.Y.Z APPEND initrd=initrd-X.Y.Z root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc ip=dhcp
If an initramfs is installed with genkernel, then take a look at the various boot options that can (or should) be defined in the bootloader configuration. The most common ones are added to this guide.
If the system uses LVM or software-RAID, the initramfs has to be built using the --lvm and --mdadm options. Do not forget to enable support during boot as well. This can be done using the dolvm and domdadm options.
/boot/grub/grub.confEnabling LVM and/or MDADM support# Example for GRUB 1.x title Gentoo Linux root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/md3 dolvm domdadm initrd /initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.4.3
If for some reason boot-up fails, rescuing the system by booting in the single-user mode is still possible. This will only load the really necessary services and then drop the user to a rescue (root) shell.
/boot/grub/grub.confBooting in single-user mode# Example for GRUB 1.x title Gentoo Linux root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/md3 init_opts=S initrd /initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.4.3
To build kernel and/or initramfs for a different platform as genkernel is being executed on, kernel/initramfs must be cross-compiled.
root #genkernel --mdadm --no-install --cross-compile=aarch64-linux-gnu allThe above command causes genkernel to create a kernel supporting MD raid and embed mdadm into initramfs (--mdadm), both kernel and initramfs will have to be manually installed (--no-install). The kernel and programs embedded into initramfs will run on arm64 (--cross-compile=aarch64-linux-gnu).
--cross-compile=<target triplet>aarch64-linux-gnu) to build for. Only needed when the system running genkernel has a different architecture like the system which should boot the created kernel/initramfs.root=<...>root=/dev/sda3, root=UUID=a1e5968c-bd1b-41ee-bf08-2d0ed376fa83.cdrootcrypt_root=<...>root kernel command-line parameter from above. --luks option set.crypt_swap=<...>crypt_root kernel command-line parameter from above.root_trim=(yes|no)--luks option set and is only useful for flash-based volumes.ip=<dhcp,addr/cidr>gk.net.iface kernel parameter. By default, dhcp will be used. A specific IP address can be set using addr/CIDR notation, i.e. 1.2.3.4/24.gk.net.dhcp.retries=<...>gk.net.iface=<interface,macaddr>eth0 by default. Use this kernel parameter to specify another interface.gk.net.gw=<...>gk.net.routes=<...>gk.net.timeout.dad=<...>gk.net.timeout.deconfiguration=<...>gk.net.timeout.dhcp=<...>gk.net.timeout.interface=<...>gk.prompt.timeout=<...>gk.prompt.timeout will be set to 30 seconds when not set. This will allow remote user to provide answer through GK_PROMPT_FILE which is set to /tmp/current_prompt by default.dosshd--ssh option set.gk.sshd.port=<...>gk.sshd.wait=<...>dolvm--lvm option set.lvmraid=<...>dolvm from above.domdadm (Deprecated in Genkernel 4.2.0, udev rules now control MD assembly)--mdadm option set.dozfs[=cache,force]--zfs option set.gk.log.disabled=<...>gk.log.keep=<...>root or real_root kernel command-line parameter above). Customize to a file like /root/my-genkernel-boot.log to copy the log. gk.hw.load-all=<...>root parameter (see above) becomes available. This boolean option can be used to force loading of all module groups regardless whether root device is already available when set to yes.Yes.
sys-kernel/dracut in comparison to sys-kernel/genkernel is just a generic tool for creating an initramfs. It does not create a kernel like genkernel does. I.e. while both, genkernel and dracut supports booting from LUKS-encrypted root volume, only genkernel will ensure that kernel will have all required options set. It's also worthwhile to mention that genkernel will compile most packages (LVM, cryptsetup, mdadm, sshd...) used in initramfs on its own whereas dracut will copy binaries from host system which can be a problem for some setups. Thus, genkernel supports kernel/initramfs creation for another system (cross-compile) unlike dracut or genkernel-next.
root #genkernel --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz --kernel-append-localversion=-test42 --menuconfig allThe above command causes genkernel to build a new kernel and initramfs (all) based on config from current running kernel (--kernel-config=/proc/config.gz), invoke menuconfig (--menuconfig) allowing user to adjust configuration and will append -test42 to kernel's LOCALVERSION variable (--kernel-append-localversion=-test42) which will affect naming of kernel image, modules dir and initramfs by default.
By default, genkernel will call emerge @module-rebuild when building a kernel to ensure that out-of-tree modules installed through the package manager are still present in new/rebuilt kernel. This feature can be toggled via --[no-]module-rebuild command-line argument or MODULEREBUILD in /etc/genkernel.conf.
Genkernel provides a callback for that (before version 4, callback was used to rebuild external modules). See CMD_CALLBACK in /etc/genkernel.conf for more details.
Set up ccache or distcc the normal way like for sys-apps/portage. Set --kernel-cc command-line parameter or adjust KERNEL_CC in /etc/genkernel.conf for the desired tool to use. Do the same for UTILS_CC (--utils-cc) and UTILS_CXX (--utils-cxx).
Check /var/log/genkernel.log first. In most cases, a root cause will appear like:
/var/log/genkernel.log[...] AR drivers/usb/built-in.a AR drivers/built-in.a GEN .version CHK include/generated/compile.h AR built-in.a LD vmlinux.o MODPOST vmlinux.o ld: .tmp_vmlinux1: final close failed: No space left on device make: *** [Makefile:1032: vmlinux] Error 1 * ERROR: compile_kernel(): compile_generic() failed to compile the "bzImage" target! * Please consult '/var/log/genkernel.log' for more information and any * errors that were reported above. * * Report any genkernel bugs to bugs.gentoo.org and * assign your bug to genkernel@gentoo.org. Please include * as much information as you can in your bug report; attaching * '/var/log/genkernel.log' so that your issue can be dealt with effectively. * * Please do *not* report kernel compilation failures as genkernel bugs! * * mount: >> Boot partition state on '/boot' was not changed; Skipping restore boot partition state ... >>> Ended on: 2019-12-16 02:30:19 (after 0 days 0 hours 07 minutes 49 seconds) </pre>
In other words: The system has run out of disk space (No space left on device) during compilation.
To guard against problems like this set CHECK_FREE_DISK_SPACE_BOOTDIR=50 and CHECK_FREE_DISK_SPACE_KERNELOUTPUTDIR=4000 in /etc/genkernel.conf in which case genkernel would fail early with a message like
root #genkernel --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz all
* Gentoo Linux Genkernel; Version 4.0.1 * Using genkernel configuration from '/etc/genkernel.conf' ... * Running with options: --kernel-config=/proc/config.gz all * Working with Linux kernel 4.19.89-gentoo-x86_64 for x86_64 * Using kernel config file '/proc/config.gz' ... * * Note: The version above is subject to change (depends on config and status of kernel sources). * ERROR: 4000 MB free disk space is required in '/usr/src/linux' but only 1026 MB is available! [...]
No.
Kernel v6.6 permanently applied the kernel config parameters (see this commit). This was fixed in version 4.3.10 of sys-kernel/genkernel.
To report a problem, please always provide /var/log/genkernel.log (sometimes it maybe necessary to compress that file before sharing or attaching to bugs) which will help developers a lot. Even if the command is run with --loglevel=1 (default), the logfile will always contain complete output (no need to re-run with logging turned on) which will help developers to understand, reproduce and maybe fix a bug.