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2021
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22 pages
The article focuses on the ideological pillars of the ISIS or the so-called Islamic State and aims to explain the ideological core of the ISIS by examining the roots and pillars of this extreme terrorist Jihadists, Wahhabist and Salafist organization. The article seeks and explores the roots in Jihadism, radical form of Salafism and partially radical Arab nationalism, but it also looks partially at the "legacy" of Saddam Hussein's regime (1979-2003) in Iraq (many former high ranked officers of Saddam's military, BAATH party and also several intelligence officers were actively involved in ISIS) and the Arab post-colonial and post-cold war world.
Halabja University Journal, 2016
Both al-Qaida and ISIS had left significant bearing on international relations of the Middle East. This impact led to the emergence of a serious challenge to the Middle East's political landscape which emergent in post World War I according to Sykes-Picot treaty of 1916. Although both organizations belong to Salafi Jihadism which is a part of global Jihad, they had different focuses and orientations which have hitherto not explained fully. The focus of this paper is to discuss the differences in their world views and methods of operations to change the Middle East political and security order.
With the decline of the caliphate the so-called Islamic State is likely to lose its broad legitimacy and attractiveness, but this does not mean that the group no longer is a threat. IS is shifting its focus more towards carrying out attacks in the West. With calls for lone wolf attacks and the possible return of jihadi fighters to their homelands, it is very likely that IS and its ideology will continue to be a big threat, not only to the Middle East but also to ‘the West’.
Orient, 2014
This article deals with the ideological framework ('aqīda) of the ‘Islamic State’ (IS). It examines both the group’s way of legitimizing its establishment by using certain Islamic conceptions of authority and the dichotomies within which the group positions itself, its adherents as well as opponents.
isara solutions, 2017
ISIS is regarded as the largest contemporary terrorist threat to global security. The aim of the paper is to provide an in-depth study of ISIS history, and it's Ideology. The Paper examines how ISIS emerged and rose in the region. The paper proposes that ISIS is a particular case of a radical community born from the connection of an ideological narrative, and a process of networking.
The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham has been a hot topic in the past year. However, the media is overwhelmingly putting the emphasis on the brutality of the group and leaves the emergence of ISIS unexplained. This paper seeks to systematize the available information and to shed some light on the Islamic State, providing a possible explanation of the emergence of the group and hopefully initiating an academic debate. From the conceptualization to the theorization, ISIS is difficult to assess -it is a designated terrorist organization, but it does not behave like one; it is new but it not a 'new' war; and it is a 'state' but it is not a state. After exploring various conceptualizations of the Islamic State and employs a number of theories, this paper finally manages to provide an answer to the question: What explains the emergence of ISIS? 5.3. The New Base of Jihad: From an Insurgent Group to a 'Pseudo-State' 31 6. Conclusion 35
For the last 1400 years the Middle East has observed the Muslim division into Sunnis and Shi’as, European colonializing, civil wars, and the rise and fall of governments. One of the most recognized terrorist groups to rise out of the ashes of Saddam Hussein’s fallen monarchy is widely known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). ISIS has quickly overwhelmed Iraq and Syria like a tidal wave and continues their march through the Levant. In this case study we look at the earliest roots of the Islamic State, how they came to power, where they are progressing, and question if they have the ability to continue.
Even if it seems that the Islamic State became headline news only recently, its roots run deeper in the transformations and mergers that have involved jihadist groups active in Iraq since the occupation by international coalition forces in 2003. Its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, takes the “merit” for having launched a project originally devised by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in the first decade of the 21st century. He managed to tap into the widespread discontent among Iraq’s Sunni population in the face of Nouri al-Maliki’s Shia-led government and subsequently lead Daesh forces to a series of considerable military victories, which allowed him to expand his control over increasingly larger areas of Iraq and Syria. However, compared to his predecessors and other jihadist organisations, the self-proclaimed caliph raised the stakes by aiming to reconstruct the caliphate not in the distant future but rather “here and now”.
European Journal of Political Science Studies, 2019
Since the terrorist attack on 9/11 in the United States, the world sees a superfluity of contributions to the academic debate on the shifting character of terrorism. Huntington argued the new actors in international conflicts are no longer nation-states but civilization. He defines this concept as the highest cultural grouping of people (…) defined both by common objective elements (language, history, religion, customs, institutions) and by the subjective self-identification of people. ISIS is the latest version of terrorism has all of the characteristics of a state without international recognition and legitimacy. From 15 May 2010 to October 26, 2019, ISIS had been led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who spent five years in American captivity in the Bucca prison in Iraq. On 5 July 2014, he declared himself as the first caliph of a newly created Islamic Caliphate, known as the Islamic State. Within a short period, ISIS captured a large part of Iraq and Syria and then Baghdadi proclaimed himself with the acronym "Caliph Ibrahim." Current research intends to evaluate the ideology of ISIS and tries to find out the factors that influenced Muslim youths around the world to join the group. The study has applied a qualitative research methodology by collecting data from content review; this includes books, scholarly articles, newspapers, and periodicals. For the reason that statistics would probably not be the answer to understanding beliefs and ideologies, qualitative data would better serve the purpose of this paper. The information will be largely dependent on an examination of scholarly sources that have provided analysis on jihadism in Islam as well as the political situation in Iraq and Syria that had led to the rapid rise of ISIS. The paper concludes by arguing that the extremist ideology of ISIS is a synthesis of counter-terror policy implications and the group's ideology was rejected by Muslim scholars around the world.
Unpleasant incidents are happening in Iraq on those days: mass killing, genocide, and displacement of thousands of Iraqis from their homes by a terrorist group calls itself the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham or ISIS. The latter emerged as the most radical group that shows no mercy to anyone who stands in its way. The strong impact of its crimes has pushed people from around the globe to search from more information about this group and not rely only on what the media is portraying. This paper will help people who are interested in enriching their knowledge about ISIS to know more about it. It will shed the light on the origin and the root of ISIS; besides, it will incorporate the main causes that helped ISIS to rise and triumph in a very short time. Moreover, it will discuss the ideology and the goals of this group, and if they are distinct from the other Jihadist movements, and finally, it will demonstrate the elements of its power and the impact of its emergence on minorities in Iraq.
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Modern Management Review, 2021
The article focuses on the ideological pillars of the ISIS or the so-called Islamic State and aims to explain the ideological core of the ISIS by examining the roots and pillars of this extreme terrorist Jihadists, Wahhabist and Salafist organization. The article seeks and explores the roots in Jihadism, radical form of Salafism and partially radical Arab nationalism, but it also looks partially at the "legacy" of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq (many former high ranked officers of Saddam's military, BAATH party and also several intelligence officers were actively involved in ISIS) and the Arab post-colonial and post-cold war world.
POMEPS - Islamism in the IS Age, 2015
ISIS represents a new level of radicalization in Islamism, and introduces the dimension of sectarianism in Islamist movements. This organization has its roots in the Iraqi insurgency and the sectarian strategy of Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi's Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Its violence is strategically calculated to produce failed states in the region where violent extremists and irreconcilable Ba'athists can survive, grow, and thrive. ISIS is enabled by Iraqi and Syrian insurgents, foreign fighters, transnational extremist networks, and regional powers interested in competing with their adversaries through proxy wars. This book sheds light on the origins of the strategy and ideology of the Islamic State, its sectarian warfare, and extremist narratives rooted in its jihadi-Salafi worldview.
This paper will explore the rapid rise and significant fall of ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). For this paper, the term ISIL will be used (unless a quotation is cited), however, ISI, ISIL, ISIS and latterly IS (Islamic State) refer to the same element. The origins, beliefs, aims and objectives, ideology and motivations will be examined and particularly the leadership and resulting capability of the organisation to meet its objectives. Analysis will be presented of the impact of ISIL ideology on its structure, strategy, targets and tactics. Finally, a view will be presented on ISIL sustainability; especially post its recent (up to December 2019) military defeats and loss of gained territory.
Strategic Assessment - A Multidisciplinary Journal on National Security, 2021
The ISIS Reader is a welcome contribution to the research literature on ISIS and Salafi-jihadi organizations, and will undoubtedly expand the scholarly debate on ISIS and enable new researchers to answer fundamental questions about its development.
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2020
The Islamic State (IS) was founded on the premise of a "new ideological" offer based on extreme takfir as an alternative to Al-Qaeda ideology i.e. Salafism-Jihadism. More specifically and ideologically speaking, IS ideology rested on the alliance between three schools of thought: the Neo-Takfiri, the Bin Ali, and the Hazimiyah. However, instead of coalescing into a single coherent thought, those three schools confronted each other in a violent internal strife that caused the death of hundreds of its members including key leaders, endangering the very existence of this organization. This paper shows that instead of opting for a clear ideological line, the IS leadership of neo-takfiri orientation, alternated its support for each of these, between the Bin Ali and the Hazimiyah, resorting each time to severe internal purges. Using interviews with former foreign fighters jihadists in addition to other relevant material 1 , this paper analyses the origins and ideological foundations of these three schools and seeks to explain the patterns of conflict as well as the perspectives for a possible reconciliation between them in the wake of the death of Al Baghdadi.
The Islamic State (ISIS) is, by far, the most successful radical Islamist group. It has managed to strip territory in Iraq and Syria thus constructing a proto-Caliphatestate in these territories. ISIS claims that it has the moral legitimacy and military capacity to protect Muslim land from the "crusaders". Moreover, the successes of ISIS to implement a proto-state, the victories accumulated on some regions in Iraq and Syria plus the economic power and the increasing number of followers and jihadist combatants that it is gaining, place ISIS as a foe for many actors while, at the same time, it is perceived as an aspirational leader for others. This complex actor is moving the pieces in the board, the region, international community and Islam adherents are playing a game that has never been played before. As Gabmhir stated, "ISIS wants to be seen as the jihadist group that will lead the Muslim community into worldwide domination" (, 2014:3). It has gained followers over the region and beyond, for instance, recently the group Ansar al-Islam in Iraq, has pledged allegiance to the Islamic State. ISIS recognizes this event as an opportune occasion because they will have more weapons and soldiers at a time when the Islamic State is gaining more enemies. ISIS is planning its next move in the board.
Did The Message Of ISIS Change Over The Five Years When It Rose To Victory And Then Slid To Battlefield Defeat?
I.B. Tauris, 2025
How should we understand ISIS today? The most comprehensive study of ISIS to date, this book benefits from Arabic sources previously unavailable to an English-speaking audience. Renowned scholar and political philosopher, Azmi Bishara, stresses the need to place ISIS in its historical, social, and political context – shifting the focus from Salafi ideology – to understand its rise and expansion. This includes a discussion of how regional wars, the occupation of Iraq, sectarian politics, the outbreak of civil war in Iraq and Syria, and the decline of the central state contributed to both ISIS's formation and the unprecedented merger of Jihadism and Salafism. The book counters a wide misconception in the West that ISIS's control of Syria and Iraq can be attributed to a Sunni environment, separating the rise of the organization from its exploitation of religious texts. It presents a rebuttal of arguments that hold Islamic civilization responsible for ISIS ideology by reviewing and deconstructing significant jihadi Salafi texts and demonstrating how they depart from Islamic thought and culture. Beyond ISIS, the book offers an original comparative analysis of the ideology of jihadism, as well as matters of governance, recruitment, and radicalisation.
