1. Overview

In this article, we’ll be looking at the Java 9 Reactive Streams. Simply put, we’ll be able to use the Flow class, which encloses the primary building blocks for building reactive stream processing logic.

Reactive Streams is a standard for asynchronous stream processing with non-blocking back pressure. This specification is defined in the Reactive Manifesto, and there are various implementations of it, for example, RxJava or Akka-Streams.

2. Reactive API Overview

To build a Flow, we can use three main abstractions and compose them into asynchronous processing logic.

Every Flow needs to process events that are published to it by a Publisher instance; the Publisher has one method – subscribe().

If any of the subscribers want to receive events published by it, they need to subscribe to the given Publisher.

The receiver of messages needs to implement the Subscriber interface. Typically this is the end for every Flow processing because the instance of it does not send messages further.

We can think about Subscriber as a Sink. This has four methods that need to be overridden – onSubscribe(), onNext(), onError(), and onComplete(). We’ll be looking at those in the next section.

If we want to transform incoming message and pass it further to the next Subscriber, we need to implement the Processor interface. This acts both as a Subscriber because it receives messages, and as the Publisher because it processes those messages and sends them for further processing.

3. Publishing and Consuming Messages

Let’s say we want to create a simple Flow, in which we have a Publisher publishing messages, and a simple Subscriber consuming messages as they arrive – one at the time.

Let’s create an EndSubscriber class. We need to implement the Subscriber interface. Next, we’ll override the required methods.

The onSubscribe() method is called before processing starts. The instance of the Subscription is passed as the argument. It is a class that is used to control the flow of messages between Subscriber and the Publisher:

public class EndSubscriber<T> implements Subscriber<T> {
 private Subscription subscription;
 public List<T> consumedElements = new LinkedList<>();

 @Override
 public void onSubscribe(Subscription subscription) {
 this.subscription = subscription;
 subscription.request(1);
 }
}

We also initialized an empty List of consumedElements that’ll be utilized in the tests.

Now, we need to implement the remaining methods from the Subscriber interface. The main method here is onNext() – this is called whenever the Publisher publishes a new message:

@Override
public void onNext(T item) {
 System.out.println("Got : " + item);
 consumedElements.add(item);
 subscription.request(1);
}

Note that when we started the subscription in the onSubscribe() method and when we processed a message we need to call the request() method on the Subscription to signal that the current Subscriber is ready to consume more messages.

Lastly, we need to implement onError() – which is called whenever some exception will be thrown in the processing, as well as onComplete() – called when the Publisher is closed:

@Override
public void onError(Throwable t) {
 t.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
public void onComplete() {
 System.out.println("Done");
}

Let’s write a test for the Processing Flow. We’ll be using the SubmissionPublisher class – a construct from the java.util.concurrent – which implements the Publisher interface.

We’re going to be submitting N elements to the Publisher – which our EndSubscriber will be receiving:

@Test
public void whenSubscribeToIt_thenShouldConsumeAll() 
 throws InterruptedException {
 
 // given
 SubmissionPublisher<String> publisher = new SubmissionPublisher<>();
 EndSubscriber<String> subscriber = new EndSubscriber<>();
 publisher.subscribe(subscriber);
 List<String> items = List.of("1", "x", "2", "x", "3", "x");

 // when
 assertThat(publisher.getNumberOfSubscribers()).isEqualTo(1);
 items.forEach(publisher::submit);
 publisher.close();

 // then
 await().atMost(1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
 .until(
 () -> assertThat(subscriber.consumedElements)
 .containsExactlyElementsOf(items)
 );
}

Note, that we’re calling the close() method on the instance of the EndSubscriber. It will invoke onComplete() callback underneath on every Subscriber of the given Publisher.

Running that program will produce the following output:

Got : 1
Got : x
Got : 2
Got : x
Got : 3
Got : x
Done

4. Transformation of Messages

Let’s say that we want to build similar logic between a Publisher and a Subscriber, but also apply some transformation.

We’ll create the TransformProcessor class that implements Processor and extends SubmissionPublisher – as this will be both Publisher and Subscriber.

We’ll pass in a Function that will transform inputs into outputs:

public class TransformProcessor<T, R> 
 extends SubmissionPublisher<R> 
 implements Flow.Processor<T, R> {

 private Function<T, R> function;
 private Flow.Subscription subscription;

 public TransformProcessor(Function<T, R> function) {
 super();
 this.function = function;
 }

 @Override
 public void onSubscribe(Flow.Subscription subscription) {
 this.subscription = subscription;
 subscription.request(1);
 }

 @Override
 public void onNext(T item) {
 submit(function.apply(item));
 subscription.request(1);
 }

 @Override
 public void onError(Throwable t) {
 t.printStackTrace();
 }

 @Override
 public void onComplete() {
 close();
 }
}

Let’s now write a quick test with a processing flow in which the Publisher is publishing String elements.

Our TransformProcessor will be parsing the String as Integer – which means a conversion needs to happen here:

@Test
public void whenSubscribeAndTransformElements_thenShouldConsumeAll()
 throws InterruptedException {
 
 // given
 SubmissionPublisher<String> publisher = new SubmissionPublisher<>();
 TransformProcessor<String, Integer> transformProcessor 
 = new TransformProcessor<>(Integer::parseInt);
 EndSubscriber<Integer> subscriber = new EndSubscriber<>();
 List<String> items = List.of("1", "2", "3");
 List<Integer> expectedResult = List.of(1, 2, 3);

 // when
 publisher.subscribe(transformProcessor);
 transformProcessor.subscribe(subscriber);
 items.forEach(publisher::submit);
 publisher.close();

 // then
 await().atMost(1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
 .until(() -> 
 assertThat(subscriber.consumedElements)
 .containsExactlyElementsOf(expectedResult)
 );
}

Note, that calling the close() method on the base Publisher will cause the onComplete() method on the TransformProcessor to be invoked.

Keep in mind that all publishers in the processing chain need to be closed this way.

5. Controlling Demand for Messages Using the Subscription

Let’s say that we want to consume only the first element from the Subscription, apply some logic and finish processing. We can use the request() method to achieve this.

Let’s modify our EndSubscriber to consume only N number of messages. We’ll be passing that number as the howMuchMessagesConsume constructor argument:

public class EndSubscriber<T> implements Subscriber<T> {
 
 private AtomicInteger howMuchMessagesConsume;
 private Subscription subscription;
 public List<T> consumedElements = new LinkedList<>();

 public EndSubscriber(Integer howMuchMessagesConsume) {
 this.howMuchMessagesConsume 
 = new AtomicInteger(howMuchMessagesConsume);
 }

 @Override
 public void onSubscribe(Subscription subscription) {
 this.subscription = subscription;
 subscription.request(1);
 }

 @Override
 public void onNext(T item) {
 howMuchMessagesConsume.decrementAndGet();
 System.out.println("Got : " + item);
 consumedElements.add(item);
 if (howMuchMessagesConsume.get() > 0) {
 subscription.request(1);
 }
 }
 //...
 
}

We can request elements as long we want to.

Let’s write a test in which we only want to consume one element from the given Subscription:

@Test
public void whenRequestForOnlyOneElement_thenShouldConsumeOne()
 throws InterruptedException {
 
 // given
 SubmissionPublisher<String> publisher = new SubmissionPublisher<>();
 EndSubscriber<String> subscriber = new EndSubscriber<>(1);
 publisher.subscribe(subscriber);
 List<String> items = List.of("1", "x", "2", "x", "3", "x");
 List<String> expected = List.of("1");

 // when
 assertThat(publisher.getNumberOfSubscribers()).isEqualTo(1);
 items.forEach(publisher::submit);
 publisher.close();

 // then
 await().atMost(1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
 .until(() -> 
 assertThat(subscriber.consumedElements)
 .containsExactlyElementsOf(expected)
 );
}

Although the publisher is publishing six elements, our EndSubscriber will consume only one element because it signals demand for processing only that single one.

By using the request() method on the Subscription, we can implement a more sophisticated back-pressure mechanism to control the speed of the message consumption.

6. Conclusion

In this article, we had a look at the Java 9 Reactive Streams.

We saw how to create a processing Flow consisting of a Publisher and a Subscriber. We created a more complex processing flow with the transformation of elements using Processors.

Finally, we used the Subscription to control the demand for elements by the Subscriber.