1. Introduction

Comparisons in Java are quite easy, until they’re not.

When working with custom types, or trying to compare objects that aren’t directly comparable, we need to make use of a comparison strategy. We can build one simply by making use of the Comparator or Comparable interfaces.

2. Setting Up the Example

Let’s use an example of a football team, where we want to line up the players by their rankings.

We’ll start by creating a simple Player class:

public class Player {
 private int ranking;
 private String name;
 private int age;
 
 // constructor, getters, setters 
}

Next, we’ll create a PlayerSorter class to create our collection, and attempt to sort it using Collections.sort:

public static void main(String[] args) {
 List<Player> footballTeam = new ArrayList<>();
 Player player1 = new Player(59, "John", 20);
 Player player2 = new Player(67, "Roger", 22);
 Player player3 = new Player(45, "Steven", 24);
 footballTeam.add(player1);
 footballTeam.add(player2);
 footballTeam.add(player3);

 System.out.println("Before Sorting : " + footballTeam);
 Collections.sort(footballTeam);
 System.out.println("After Sorting : " + footballTeam);
}

As expected, this results in a compile-time error:

The method sort(List<T>) in the type Collections 
 is not applicable for the arguments (ArrayList<Player>)

Now let’s try to understand what we did wrong here.

3. Comparable

As the name suggests, Comparable is an interface defining a strategy of comparing an object with other objects of the same type. This is called the class’s “natural ordering.”

In order to be able to sort, we must define our Player object as comparable by implementing the Comparable interface:

public class Player implements Comparable<Player> {

 // same as before

 @Override
 public int compareTo(Player otherPlayer) {
 return Integer.compare(getRanking(), otherPlayer.getRanking());
 }

}

The sorting order is decided by the return value of the compareTo() method. The Integer.compare(x, y) returns -1 if x is less than y, 0 if they’re equal, and 1 otherwise.

The method returns a number indicating whether the object being compared is less than, equal to, or greater than the object being passed as an argument.

Now when we run our PlayerSorter, we can see our Players sorted by their ranking:

Before Sorting : [John, Roger, Steven]
After Sorting : [Steven, John, Roger]

Now that we have a clear understanding of natural ordering with Comparable, let’s see how we can use other types of ordering in a more flexible manner than by directly implementing an interface.

4. Comparator

The Comparator interface defines a compare(arg1, arg2) method with two arguments that represent compared objects, and works similarly to the Comparable.compareTo() method.

4.1. Creating Comparators

To create a Comparator, we have to implement the Comparator interface.

For our first example, we’ll create a Comparator to use the ranking attribute of Player to sort the players:

public class PlayerRankingComparator implements Comparator<Player> {

 @Override
 public int compare(Player firstPlayer, Player secondPlayer) {
 return Integer.compare(firstPlayer.getRanking(), secondPlayer.getRanking());
 }

}

Similarly, we can create a Comparator to use the age attribute of Player to sort the players:

public class PlayerAgeComparator implements Comparator<Player> {

 @Override
 public int compare(Player firstPlayer, Player secondPlayer) {
 return Integer.compare(firstPlayer.getAge(), secondPlayer.getAge());
 }

}

4.2. Comparators in Action

To demonstrate the concept, let’s modify our PlayerSorter by introducing a second argument to the Collections.sort method, which is actually the instance of Comparator we want to use.

Using this approach, we can override the natural ordering:

PlayerRankingComparator playerComparator = new PlayerRankingComparator();
Collections.sort(footballTeam, playerComparator);

Now let’s run our PlayerRankingSorter to see the result:

Before Sorting : [John, Roger, Steven]
After Sorting by ranking : [Steven, John, Roger]

If we want a different sorting order, we only need to change the Comparator we’re using:

PlayerAgeComparator playerComparator = new PlayerAgeComparator();
Collections.sort(footballTeam, playerComparator);

Now when we run our PlayerAgeSorter, we can see a different sort order by age:

Before Sorting : [John, Roger, Steven]
After Sorting by age : [Roger, John, Steven]

4.3. Java 8 Comparators

Java 8 provides new ways of defining Comparators by using lambda expressions, and the comparing() static factory method.

Let’s see a quick example of how to use a lambda expression to create a Comparator:

Comparator byRanking = 
 (Player player1, Player player2) -> Integer.compare(player1.getRanking(), player2.getRanking());

The Comparator.comparing method takes a method calculating the property that will be used for comparing items, and returns a matching Comparator instance:

Comparator<Player> byRanking = Comparator
 .comparing(Player::getRanking);
Comparator<Player> byAge = Comparator
 .comparing(Player::getAge);

To explore the Java 8 functionality in-depth, check out our Java 8 Comparator.comparing guide.

5. Comparator vs Comparable

The Comparable interface is a good choice to use for defining the default ordering, or in other words, if it’s the main way of comparing objects.

So why use a Comparator if we already have Comparable?

There are several reasons why:

• Sometimes we can’t modify the source code of the class whose objects we want to sort, thus making the use of Comparable impossible
• Using Comparators allows us to avoid adding additional code to our domain classes
• We can define multiple different comparison strategies, which isn’t possible when using Comparable

6. Avoiding the Subtraction Trick

Over the course of this tutorial, we’ve used the Integer.compare() method to compare two integers. However, one might argue that we should use this clever one-liner instead:

Comparator<Player> comparator = (p1, p2) -> p1.getRanking() - p2.getRanking();

Although it’s much more concise than other solutions, it can be a victim of integer overflows in Java:

Player player1 = new Player(59, "John", Integer.MAX_VALUE);
Player player2 = new Player(67, "Roger", -1);

List<Player> players = Arrays.asList(player1, player2);
players.sort(comparator);

Since -1 is much less than the Integer.MAX_VALUE, “Roger” should come before “John” in the sorted collection. However, due to integer overflow, the “Integer.MAX_VALUE – (-1)” will be less than zero. So based on the Comparator/Comparable contract, the Integer.MAX_VALUE is less than -1, which is obviously incorrect.

Therefore, despite what we expected, “John” comes before “Roger” in the sorted collection:

assertEquals("John", players.get(0).getName());
assertEquals("Roger", players.get(1).getName());

7. Conclusion

In this article, we explored the Comparable and Comparator interfaces, and discussed the differences between them.

To understand more advanced topics of sorting, check out our other articles, such as Java 8 Comparator, and Java 8 Comparison with Lambdas.