1. Overview

Spring Cloud Stream is a framework built on top of Spring Boot and Spring Integration that helps in creating event-driven or message-driven microservices.

In this article, we’ll introduce concepts and constructs of Spring Cloud Stream with some simple examples.

2. Maven Dependencies

To get started, we’ll need to add the Spring Cloud Starter Stream with the broker RabbitMQ Maven dependency as messaging-middleware to our pom.xml:

<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-stream-rabbit</artifactId>
</dependency>

And we’ll add the spring-cloud-stream-test-binder dependency to enable JUnit support as well:

<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-cloud-stream-test-binder</artifactId>
 <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

Lastly, we will use spring-cloud-dependencies for dependency management and select the appropriate version based on the compatibility matrix:

<dependencyManagement>
 <dependencies>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
 <version>2024.0.0</version>
 <type>pom</type>
 <scope>import</scope>
 </dependency>
 </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

3. Main Concepts

Microservices architecture follows the “smart endpoints and dumb pipes” principle. Communication between endpoints is driven by messaging-middleware parties like RabbitMQ or Apache Kafka. Services communicate by publishing domain events via these endpoints or channels.

Let’s walk through the concepts that make up the Spring Cloud Stream framework, along with the essential paradigms that we must be aware of to build message-driven services.

3.1. Constructs

By adding the spring-cloud-stream dependencies to the classpath, we automatically connect to a message broker through a Spring Cloud Stream “binder”. Additionally, we can define a Java function as a Spring bean to process incoming messages:

@SpringBootApplication
public class LogEnricherApplication {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
 SpringApplication.run(LogEnricherApplication.class, args);
 }

 @Bean
 public Function<String, String> enrichLogMessage() {
 return value -> "[%s] - %s".formatted("Baeldung", value);
 }
}

Let’s take a look at the definition of all these concepts:

• Bindings — a collection of Java functions to process, transform, or send messages
• Binder — messaging-middleware implementation such as Kafka or RabbitMQ
• Channel — represents the communication pipe between messaging-middleware and the application
• Message Schemas — used for serialization and deserialization of messages, these schemas can be statically read from a location or loaded dynamically, supporting the evolution of domain object types
• StreamListeners — message-handling methods in beans that will be automatically invoked on a message from the channel after the MessageConverter does the serialization/deserialization between middleware-specific events and domain object types or POJOs

3.2. Communication Patterns

Messages designated to destinations are delivered by the Publish-Subscribe messaging pattern. Publishers categorize messages into topics, each identified by a name. Subscribers express interest in one or more topics. The middleware filters the messages, delivering those interesting topics to the subscribers.

Now, the subscribers could be grouped. A consumer group is a set of subscribers or consumers, identified by a group id, within which messages from a topic or topic’s partition are delivered in a load-balanced manner.

4. Programming Model

This section describes the basics of building Spring Cloud Stream applications.

4.1. Functional Testing

The test support allows us to leverage a binder implementation to interact with our Spring Cloud Stream channels:

@EnableTestBinder
@SpringBootTest
class LogEnricherApplicationUnitTest {

 @Autowired
 private InputDestination input;

 @Autowired
 private OutputDestination output;

 @Test
 void whenSendingLogMessage_thenMessageIsEnrichedWithPrefix() {
 // ...
 }
}

Let’s send a message to the above enrichLogMessage service and check whether the response contains the text “Baeldung” prefix:

@Test
void whenSendingLogMessage_thenItsEnrichedWithPrefix() {
 input.send(MessageBuilder.withPayload("hello world").build(), "enrichLogMessage-in-0");

 Message<byte[]> message = output.receive(1000L, "enrichLogMessage-out-0");

 assertThat(message.getPayload())
 .asString()
 .isEqualTo("[Baeldung] - hello world");
}

As we can see, input bindings are named using the function name followed by “-in-“ and an index. Similarly, output bindings use the “-out-“ suffix, and an index. The “in” and “out” indicate the type of binding, and the index is usually 0 for single input and output functions, relevant only for functions with multiple inputs or outputs.

4.2. Binding Destinations

We can use the Spring Cloud Stream configuration to map the bindings to custom destinations – such as topics or queue names. For instance, let’s update the application.yml and use the queues “queue.log.messages” and “queue.pretty.log.messages” as input and output for our service:

spring:
 cloud:
 stream:
 bindings:
 enrichLogMessage-in-0:
 destination: queue.log.messages
 enrichLogMessage-out-0:
 destination: queue.pretty.log.messages

Now, we can update our test and start using the destination names instead of the binding names:

@Test
void whenSendingLogMessage_thenItsEnrichedWithPrefix() {
 input.send(MessageBuilder.withPayload("hello world").build(), "queue.log.messages");

 Message<byte[]> message = output.receive(1000L, "queue.pretty.log.messages");

 assertThat(message.getPayload())
 .asString()
 .isEqualTo("[Baeldung] - hello world");
}

As a result, our application will listen to “queue.log.messages”, process the messages, and publish the results to “queue.pretty.log.messages”.

4.3. Event Routing

In Spring Cloud Stream, Event Routing involves managing the flow of events between sources and destinations. Its key purpose is to route events to a specific subscriber or a designated destination based on the event producer.

For instance, suppose we want to enrich only log messages longer than ten characters, leaving shorter ones unchanged. To achieve this, let’s define another function that returns a Message<String>, allowing us to customize the message metadata:

@Bean
public Function<String, Message<String>> processLogs() {
 return log -> {
 boolean shouldBeEnriched = log.length() > 10;
 // ...
 };
}

After that, we’ll specify the new destination in the message header using the spring.cloud.stream.sendto.destination key. In our case, if the log needs enrichment, we will route it to the enrichLogMessage-in-0 binding. Otherwise, we’ll send the message directly to the output queue:

@Bean
public Function<String, Message<String>> processLogs() {
 return log -> {
 boolean shouldBeEnriched = log.length() > 10;
 String destination = shouldBeEnriched ? "enrichLogMessage-in-0" : "queue.pretty.log.messages";

 return MessageBuilder.withPayload(log)
 .setHeader("spring.cloud.stream.sendto.destination", destination)
 .build();
 };
}

Now, we need to update the configuration to enable event routing. Since we have more than one function declared as a bean, let’s also include both via the spring.cloud.function.definition property:

spring:
 cloud:
 function:
 definition: enrichLogMessage;processLogs
 stream:
 function.routing.enabled: true
 bindings: 
 # ...

That’s it! Let’s test our code – if we send the “hello world” string to the processLog binding, we’ll expect it to be updated and published to “queue.pretty.log.message”:

@Test
void whenProcessingLongLogMessage_thenItsEnrichedWithPrefix() {
 input.send(MessageBuilder.withPayload("hello world").build(), "processLogs-in-0");

 Message<byte[]> message = output.receive(1000L, "queue.pretty.log.messages");

 assertThat(message.getPayload())
 .asString()
 .isEqualTo("[Baeldung] - hello world");
}

On the other hand, if we send a string that is less than ten characters log, we’ll expect it to be published to “queue.pretty.log.message” without any modification:

@Test
void whenProcessingShortLogMessage_thenItsNotEnrichedWithPrefix() {
 input.send(MessageBuilder.withPayload("hello").build(), "processLogs-in-0");

 Message<byte[]> messgae= output.receive(1000L, "queue.pretty.log.messages");

 assertThat(messgae.getPayload())
 .asString()
 .isEqualTo("hello");
}

5. Setup

Let’s set up the application that will process the message from the RabbitMQ broker.

5.1. Binder Configuration

As previously discussed, we can add the binder library for RabbitMQ to the classpath by including this dependency. However, if no binder implementation is provided, Spring will use direct message communication between the channels.

5.2. RabbitMQ Configuration

To configure the example in section 3.1 to use the RabbitMQ binder, we need to update the application.yml located at src/main/resources:

spring:
 cloud:
 stream:
 bindings:
 input:
 destination: queue.log.messages
 binder: local_rabbit
 output:
 destination: queue.pretty.log.messages
 binder: local_rabbit
 binders:
 local_rabbit:
 type: rabbit
 environment:
 spring:
 rabbitmq:
 host: <host>
 port: 5672
 username: <username>
 password: <password>
 virtual-host: /

The input binding will use the exchange called queue.log.messages, and the output binding will use the exchange “queue.pretty.log.messages”. Both bindings will use the binder called local_rabbit.

Note that we don’t need to create the RabbitMQ exchanges or queues in advance. When running the application, both exchanges are automatically created.

To test the application, we can use the RabbitMQ management site to publish a message. In the Publish Message panel of the exchange “queue.log.messages”, we need to enter the request in JSON format.

5.3. Customizing Message Conversion

For this code example, let’s add another binding – we can call it highlightLogs:

@Bean
Function<LogMessage, String> highlightLogs() {
 return logMsg -> logMsg.message().toUpperCase();
}

This time, our function takes a Java object called LogMessage as input:

record LogMessage(String message) {
}

For such use cases, Spring Cloud Stream allows us to apply custom message conversion for specific content types. Let’s define a custom message converter to be used to deserialize LogMessage objects when the contentType header is set to text/plain:

@Component
class TextPlainMessageConverter extends AbstractMessageConverter {

 public TextPlainMessageConverter() {
 super(new MimeType("text", "plain"));
 }

 @Override
 protected boolean supports(Class<?> clazz) {
 return (LogMessage.class == clazz);
 }

 @Override
 protected Object convertFromInternal(Message<?> message, Class<?> targetClass, Object conversionHint) {
 Object payload = message.getPayload();
 String text = payload instanceof String ? (String) payload : new String((byte[]) payload);
 return new LogMessage(text);
 }
}

Finally, we can test our converter by sending a message with the text/plain content type. When we run the test, we expect the message to be processed and the uppercase string to be returned as the binding output:

@Test
void whenHighlightingLogMessage_thenItsTransformedToUppercase() {
 Message<String> msgIn = MessageBuilder.withPayload("hello")
 .setHeader("contentType", "text/plain")
 .build();
 input.send(msgIn, "highlightLogs-in-0");

 Message<byte[]> msgOut = output.receive(1000L, "highlightLogs-out-0");
 assertThat(msgOut.getPayload())
 .asString()
 .isEqualTo("HELLO");
}

5.4. Consumer Groups

When running multiple instances of our application, every time there is a new message in an input channel, all subscribers will be notified.

Most of the time, we need the message to be processed only once. Spring Cloud Stream implements this behavior via consumer groups.

To enable this behavior, each consumer binding can use the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.<CHANNEL>.group property to specify a group name:

spring:
 cloud:
 stream:
 bindings:
 enrichLogMessage-in-0:
 destination: queue.log.messages
 group: test-group
 # ...

6. Message-Driven Microservices

In this section, we introduce all the required features for running our Spring Cloud Stream applications in a microservices context.

6.1. Scaling Up

When multiple applications are running, it’s important to ensure the data is split properly across consumers. To do so, Spring Cloud Stream provides two properties:

• spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount — number of running applications
• spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex — index of the current application

For example, if we’ve deployed two instances of the above MyLoggerServiceApplication application, the property spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount should be 2 for both applications, and the property spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex should be 0 and 1 respectively.

These properties are automatically set if we deploy the Spring Cloud Stream applications using Spring Data Flow as described in this article.

6.2. Partitioning

The domain events could be Partitioned messages. This helps when we are scaling up the storage and improving application performance.

The domain event usually has a partition key so that it ends up in the same partition with related messages.

Let’s say that we want the log messages to be partitioned by the first letter in the message, which would be the partition key, and grouped into two partitions.

There would be one partition for the log messages that start with A-M and another partition for N-Z. This can be configured using two properties:

• spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExpression — the expression to partition the payloads
• spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionCount — the number of groups

Sometimes the expression to partition is too complex to write it in only one line. For these cases, we can write our custom partition strategy using the property spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExtractorClass.

6.3. Health Indicator

In a microservices context, we also need to detect when a service is down or starts failing. Spring Cloud Stream provides the property management.health.binders.enabled to enable the health indicators for binders.

When running the application, we can query the health status at http://<host>:<port>/health.

7. Conclusion

In this tutorial, we presented the main concepts of Spring Cloud Stream and showed how to use it through some simple examples over RabbitMQ. More info about Spring Cloud Stream can be found here.