Voozh

%PDF-1.3 %%�� %%Page: 1 1 4 0 obj << /Length 5 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 652.5 Tm /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 127.326 -8.4 Td 1.2 Tw 0 Tc (PUBLISHED) Tj /F1 20 Tf 85 Tz -124.106 -28.9 Td 2 Tw (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 75.476 -18 Td 1.2 Tw (FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -78.696 -18 Td () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw 0 0 Td 183.8 0 Td /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz -2.18 -17.6 Td 2 Tw (�) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -181.62 -2.4 Td 1.2 Tw (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (, I) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (NCORPORATED) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (,) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (successor in interest to Titanic) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (Ventures, limited partnership,) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 84.8635 -12.5 Td (Plaintiff-Appellant,) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -2.176 -18 Td (v.) Tj -82.6875 -18 Td (T) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (HE) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( W) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 0 -12.5 Td 1.2 Tw (V) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (, its engines, tackle, apparel,) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (appurtenances, cargo, etc., located) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (within one $1$ nautical mile of a) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (point located at 41) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (43) Tj 0 Ts /F3 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (�) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (32) Tj 0 Ts /F3 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (�) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( North) Tj 231.3337 -9 Td (No. 04-1933) Tj /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz -49.7137 -1.4 Td 2 Tw (�) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -181.62 -2.1 Td 1.2 Tw (Latitude and 49) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (56) Tj 0 Ts /F3 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (�) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (49) Tj 0 Ts /F3 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (�) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( West) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (Longitude, believed to be the RMS) Tj 0 -12.5 Td (Titanic, in rem,) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 123.216 -12.5 Td (Defendant.) Tj -123.216 -18 Td 173 0 Td /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -173 -18 Td (U) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (NIVERSITY OF) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (IRGINIA) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (PPELLATE) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 0 -12.5 Td 1.2 Tw (L) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITIGATION) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( C) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (LINIC) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (,) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 101.247 -12.5 Td (Amicus Curiae,) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -101.247 -18 Td (A) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (LAIN DE) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( F) Tj /F2 8 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (OUCAUD) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (,) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 33.278 -12.5 Td (Amicus Supporting Appellant.) Tj /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz 148.342 -8.6 Td 1.6 Ts 2 Tw (�) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -126.3923 -24.5 Td 1.2 Tw (Appeal from the United States District Court) Tj -4.901 -12 Td (for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.) Tj 22.3965 -12 Td (Rebecca Beach Smith, District Judge.) Tj 53.1898 -12.1 Td ($CA-93-902-N$) Tj -26.0765 -24.6 Td (Argued: October 26, 2005) Tj -1.2765 -24.2 Td (Decided: January 31, 2006) Tj -64.0783 -24.6 Td (Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, and NIEMEYER and) Tj 74.574 -12.1 Td (KING, Circuit Judges.) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 652.5 cm 0 G .9 w 0 -72.85 m 183.8 -72.85 l s 1.2 w 186.6 -211.6 m 186.6 -80.7 l s .5 w 0 -284.55 m 173 -284.55 l s 1.2 w 186.6 -359.5 m 186.6 -228.6 l s .9 w 0 -366.45 m 183.3 -366.45 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g ET Q endstream endobj 5 0 obj 3649 endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 4 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 2 2 12 0 obj << /Length 13 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .17 Tw 0 Tc (Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by published opinion.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .23 Tw (Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Wilkins and) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (Judge King joined. ) Tj /F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 134.2045 -43 Td (COUNSEL) Tj /F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -134.2045 -25.2 Td 6.78 Tw (ARGUED:) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( David Jeremy Bederman, EMORY UNIVERSITY) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .73 Tw (SCHOOL OF LAW, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellant. Neal Lawrence) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .52 Tw (Walters, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Amicus Curiae. ) Tj /F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (ON BRIEF:) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( J.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.67 Tw (Ridgely Porter, III, Matthew D. Pethybridge, CARR & PORTER,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.76 Tw (L.L.C., Portsmouth, Virginia, for Appellant. John Paul Jones, UNI-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.08 Tw (VERSITY OF RICHMOND, Richmond, Virginia, for Alain de Fou-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (caud, Amicus Supporting Appellant.) Tj /F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 136.7632 -43 Td (OPINION) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -136.7632 -25.3 Td (NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge: ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.07 Tw (For over ten years, R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. $"RMST"$ has functioned) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 3.42 Tw (as the exclusive salvor-in-possession of the wreck of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .2 Tw (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, which lies in international waters. In a motion filed on Febru-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.54 Tw (ary 12, 2004, RMST requested that the district court enter an order) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.7 Tw (awarding it "title to all the artifacts $including portions of the hull$) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.48 Tw (which are the subject of this action ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (pursuant to the law of finds) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (") Tj 0 -12.4 Td .2 Tw ($emphasis added$ or, in the alternative, a salvage award in the amount) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.69 Tw (of $225 million. RMST excluded from its motion any claim for an) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .5 Tw (award of title to the 1,800 artifacts retrieved from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in 1987) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .16 Tw (and taken to France � well before this ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( action was commenced) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .4 Tw (� asserting that a French administrative agency had already awarded) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.85 Tw (it title to those artifacts. But it did request that the district court) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .94 Tw (declare that, based on the French administrative action, "the artifacts) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 4.56 Tw (raised during the 1987 expedition are independently owned by) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (RMST." ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.08 Tw (Following a hearing, the district court entered an order dated July) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 2.03 Tw (2, 2004, in which it $1$ refused to grant comity and recognize the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.09 Tw (decision of a French administrator awarding RMST title to the 1987) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -57.05 m 324 -57.05 l s .5 w 0 -199.15 m 324 -199.15 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (2) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 13 0 obj 3667 endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 12 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 3 3 15 0 obj << /Length 16 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.96 Tw 0 Tc (artifacts, and $2$ rejected RMST's claim that it should be awarded) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.31 Tw (title to the artifacts recovered since 1993 under the maritime law of) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.17 Tw (finds. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . .) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .72 Tw (believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d 724, 744-45 $E.D.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (Va. 2004$. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 2.22 Tw (On RMST's appeal from the district court's order, we conclude) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .15 Tw (that the district court lacked ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over the 1987 artifacts) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.1 Tw (or other jurisdiction to declare the right to title in the 1987 artifacts,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.9 Tw (and therefore we vacate that part of the court's July 2, 2004 order) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.75 Tw (which relates to those artifacts. Otherwise we affirm. In remanding) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .93 Tw (this case to the district court, we also recognize explicitly the appro-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.38 Tw (priateness of applying maritime salvage law to historic wrecks such) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (as the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. ) Tj 160.0852 -25.2 Td (I) Tj -148.0852 -25.2 Td 1.26 Tw (The ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( sank in 1912 in the North Atlantic, where the) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .6 Tw (ocean is over 12,000 feet deep, and not until 1985 was the site of the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (wreck discovered. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 3.17 Tw (Beginning in 1987, a joint American-French expedition, which) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 2.48 Tw (included the predecessor of RMST, began salvage operations and,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.5 Tw (during 32 dives, recovered approximately 1,800 artifacts $the "1987) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.44 Tw (artifacts"$ which were taken to France for conservation and restora-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .03 Tw (tion. In 1993, a French administrator in the Office of Maritime Affairs) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.21 Tw (of the Ministry of Equipment, Transportation, and Tourism awarded) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (RMST's predecessor title to the artifacts. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 1.68 Tw (This ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( action was commenced on August 26, 1993, against) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.13 Tw (artifacts recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in dives in 1993 and against the) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.16 Tw (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( itself. Several months later, the district court issued an order) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.08 Tw (declaring RMST salvor-in-possession of the artifacts that had been) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.68 Tw (brought to the Eastern District of Virginia, as well as of the wreck) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.58 Tw (itself and artifacts not yet retrieved from the wreck. Over the years) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .36 Tw (since, there have been numerous district court opinions and two opin-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (ions from our court relating to the salvage operations.) Tj 4.7 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .5 Tw (1) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 1.2 Tw ( ) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 10.5 -25.7 Td 4.3 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .25 Tw (1) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz .23 Tw (See ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . ) Tj (believed) Tj -10.5 -11.4 Td .58 Tw (to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 286 F.3d 194 $4th Cir. 2002$, ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (cert. denied) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 537) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -466.45 m 324 -466.45 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 462.5 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3) Tj -274.4856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 16 0 obj 4339 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 15 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 4 4 19 0 obj << /Length 20 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 12 -8 Td 1.46 Tw 0 Tc (On June 18, 2003, RMST filed a motion to set this case for trial) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.43 Tw (and take evidence "as to whether or not the law of finds and/or the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .77 Tw (law of salvage would apply, to determine whether the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.3 Td 2.1 Tw (was a lost and abandoned vessel, and/or to make a liberal salvage) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.3 Tw (award to plaintiff for its efforts expended in this case." In response,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.1 Tw (the district court observed that there were no adverse parties "cur-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.27 Tw (rently involved in the case" and there are "no pending issues before) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .09 Tw (the court for trial." Accordingly, the court denied the motion to set the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.46 Tw (case for trial. But the court allowed RMST to petition the court for) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (a salvage award or a change in its status by filing a motion. ) Tj 12 -25.1 Td 0 Tw (Following the court's invitation, RMST filed a "Motion for Salvage) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .07 Tw (and/or Finds Award." In its motion, RMST requested an award of title) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .57 Tw ("to all the artifacts $including portions of the hull$ which are the sub-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .72 Tw (ject of this action pursuant to the law of finds," or, in the alternative,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.33 Tw (a "liberal salvage award" in the amount of $225 million for salvage) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.35 Tw (operations conducted since 1993. RMST claimed that since the cost) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.57 Tw (of salvage has exceeded the value of artifacts recovered from the) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.3 Td .99 Tw (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, the artifacts should be granted to RMST as an ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (specie) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( sal-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 4.44 Tw (vage award. In its motion, RMST explicitly excluded from its) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .99 Tw (requests any relief with respect to the 1987 artifacts, title to which a) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.53 Tw (French administrator transferred to RMST. In addition, it sought an) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .5 Tw (affirmative ruling from the district court that "the artifacts raised dur-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.11 Tw (ing the 1987 expedition are independently owned by RMST." In) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .22 Tw (respect to that request, RMST filed a "Notice of Intent to Raise Issues) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .43 Tw (Concerning the Law of Foreign Countries" on May 14, 2004, praying) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.93 Tw (that the district court, as a matter of comity, recognize the 1993) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .61 Tw (French administrator's decision granting RMST title to the 1987 arti-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (facts. ) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 0 -25.6 Td .64 Tw (U.S. 885 $") Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (Titanic II) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz ("$; ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Haver) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 171 F.3d 943 $4th) Tj 0 -11.3 Td 1.4 Tw (Cir. 1999$ $") Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (Titanic I) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz ("$; ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned) Tj 0 -11.3 Td .74 Tw (Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 327 F. Supp. 2d 664 $E.D.) Tj 0 -11.3 Td 2 Tw (Va. 2004$; ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . .) Tj 0 -11.3 Td .67 Tw (believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d 724 $E.D. Va. 2004$;) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 0 -11.3 Td .81 Tw (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 1.19 Tw (the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 9 F. Supp. 2d 624 $E.D. Va. 1998$; ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic,) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 2.32 Tw (Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S.) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 3.15 Tw (Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 924 F. Supp. 714 $E.D. Va. 1996$; ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v.) Tj 0 -11.4 Td .41 Tw (Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 920) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 1.05 Tw (F. Supp. 96 $E.D. Va. 1996$. ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -364.55 m 324 -364.55 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (4) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 20 0 obj 4930 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 19 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 5 5 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 12 -8 Td .8 Tw 0 Tc (By a memorandum and order dated July 2, 2004, the district court) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 2.8 Tw (refused to recognize the French administrator's decision awarding) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .96 Tw (RMST title to the 1987 artifacts and rejected RMST's claims to title) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.56 Tw (of all artifacts under the law of finds, concluding that such relief) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.12 Tw (would be inconsistent with RMST's continuing role as salvor-in-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .84 Tw (possession of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d at 744-45.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .1 Tw (The court also scheduled a hearing for October 18, 2004, to determine) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .52 Tw (the amount of an appropriate salvage award. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 745. When RMST) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .3 Tw (filed this interlocutory appeal from the district court's order, the court) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 4.13 Tw (issued a stay pending our decision. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .94 Tw (Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (327 F. Supp. 2d 664, 665-66 $E.D. Va. 2004$. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .28 Tw (Because there was no party in opposition to RMST to represent the) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.28 Tw (position of the district court on appeal, we invited the University of) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .07 Tw (Virginia School of Law's Appellate Litigation Clinic to file an ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td .7 Tw (brief to serve as the answering brief. The Clinic has again performed) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (a valuable service and helped to maintain the adversarial process. ) Tj 158.1705 -25.2 Td (II) Tj -146.1705 -25.2 Td 2.36 Tw (As a threshold matter, the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( challenges our jurisdiction to) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.1 Tw (review the district court's July 2, 2004 order because that order was) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .36 Tw (interlocutory. RMST claims that appellate jurisdiction is conferred by) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.34 Tw (28 U.S.C. �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.34 Tw (1292$a$$3$ $authorizing appeals of interlocutory decrees) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .37 Tw ("determining the rights and liabilities of the parties to admiralty cases) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .79 Tw (in which appeals from final decrees are allowed"$. The question thus) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .64 Tw (arises whether the district court, in its July 2, 2004 order, determined) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.45 Tw (the "rights and liabilities" of RMST when the court $1$ implicitly) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .52 Tw (asserted ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over the 1987 artifacts and denied comity) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .48 Tw (to the 1993 French Administrator's decision, and $2$ held that RMST) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (is barred from seeking title to artifacts under the law of finds. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td .18 Tw (As a general proposition, jurisdiction of courts of appeals is limited) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .24 Tw (by the finality requirement expressed in 28 U.S.C. �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .24 Tw (1291, which pro-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.46 Tw (vides that courts of appeals "shall have jurisdiction of appeals from) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .7 Tw (all ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (final decisions) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of the district courts of the United States" $empha-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .01 Tw (sis added$. The rule of finality "is an important component of the judi-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .86 Tw (cial structure, for . . . it prevents the entanglement of the district and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.67 Tw (appellate courts in each other's adjudications in an unruly and ulti-) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 462.5 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (5) Tj -274.4856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 23 0 obj 4439 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 6 6 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 2.81 Tw 0 Tc (mately inefficient way." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Evergreen Int'l $USA$ Corp. v. Standard) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .3 Tw (Warehouse) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 33 F.3d 420, 423 $4th Cir. 1994$. But there are numerous) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.88 Tw (exceptions to the general rule based on overriding policy consider-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.66 Tw (ations. In enacting �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.66 Tw (1292$a$$3$, Congress provided an exception in) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (the admiralty context. As the Eighth Circuit has explained:) Tj 22 -25.2 Td 1.15 Tw (In admiralty, trials were traditionally bifurcated. First there) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .89 Tw (would be a trial before the court on the issue of liability. If) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .82 Tw (there was a finding of liability, there would then be a sepa-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.9 Tw (rate hearing before a special master to ascertain damages.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .3 Tw (These damages hearings were often both lengthy and costly.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.08 Tw (Congress intended 28 U.S.C. �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.08 Tw (1292$a$$3$ to permit parties) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .3 Tw (to appeal the finding of liability on the merits, before under-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .71 Tw (going the long, burdensome, and perhaps unnecessary dam-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (ages proceeding.) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.3 Td .35 Tw (City of Fort Madison v. Emerald Lady) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 990 F.2d 1086, 1089 $8th Cir.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .5 Tw (1993$ $citation omitted$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see also) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( 16 Charles Alan Wright et al., ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Fed-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.68 Tw (eral Practice & Procedure) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.68 Tw (3927 $1996$. And we have repeatedly) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.3 Tw (affirmed this understanding of �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.3 Tw (1292$a$$3$. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Evergreen) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 33 F.3d) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.9 Tw (at 424 $noting that "[t]his understanding of the statute's purpose is) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .22 Tw (universal"$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Medomsley Steam Shipping Co. v. Elizabeth River Termi-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.6 Tw (nals, Inc.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 317 F.2d 741, 742 $4th Cir. 1963$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (South Carolina State) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.51 Tw (Highway Dep't v. The Fort Fetterman) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 236 F.2d 221, 227 $4th Cir.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.38 Tw (1956$ $"That statute [the predecessor to �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.38 Tw (1292\(a$$3$] was primarily) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.78 Tw (intended to avoid the expense and delay of a reference to compute) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.55 Tw (damages"\) $quoting with approval ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (The Maria) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 67 F.2d 571 \(2d Cir.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .71 Tw (1933$\). Furthermore, we have joined other circuits in tending to con-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.26 Tw (strue �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.26 Tw (1292$a$$3$ narrowly and applying it to cases that present the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.37 Tw ("special circumstances that justified its inception." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Evergreen) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 33) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (F.3d at 424-25 $collecting cases$. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 3.61 Tw (The ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( contends that the district court did not determine) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 3.1 Tw (RMST's rights and that the "special circumstances" contemplated) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .82 Tw (under �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .82 Tw (1292$a$$3$ are not present in this case because $1$ the denial) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .96 Tw (of comity to the 1993 French decision does not prevent RMST from) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .26 Tw (presenting alternative evidence to establish its claim of title to articles) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.45 Tw (recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, and $2$ the rejection of RMST's claims) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .79 Tw (under the law of finds does not preclude the possibility of remunera-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.3 Tw (tion, as RMST may still obtain a liberal salvage award. The ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (6) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 26 0 obj 4774 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 7 7 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 2.05 Tw 0 Tc (argues that even if the district court committed error in its July 2,) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .03 Tw (2004 order, this court can address the error after all of RMST's claims) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (have been adjudicated. ) Tj 12 -25.9 Td .6 Tw (Because the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( has also suggested that �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .6 Tw (1292$a$$3$ might not) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 1.25 Tw (apply to salvage cases at all, we begin with our conclusion that this) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.25 Tw (is a "distinctively maritime" case concerning a unique and long-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.24 Tw (running salvage operation. As such, it not only "falls within the) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.09 Tw (`admiralty' docket," but it also has a "distinctly maritime air." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Ever-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .16 Tw (green) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 33 F.3d at 425. In contrast with ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Evergreen) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, in which the matter) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.34 Tw (on interlocutory appeal involved general contract interpretation hav-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.22 Tw (ing nothing to do with admiralty law, this case falls squarely within) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.92 Tw (the maritime jurisdiction. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Martha's Vineyard Scuba Headquar-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.43 Tw (ters, Inc. v. Unidentified, Wrecked & Abandoned Steam Vessel) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 833) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.23 Tw (F.2d 1059, 1064 $1st Cir. 1987$ $noting "solid precedential support") Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.37 Tw (for maritime jurisdiction "because the case involves, principally, a) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.93 Tw (claim of salvage rights"$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.73 Tw (Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing Vessel) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 640 F.2d 560, 566 $5th Cir.) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (1981$. ) Tj 12 -25.9 Td 1.04 Tw (On the question whether the district court's ruling falls within the) Tj -12 -12.7 Td .02 Tw (traditional profile of cases anticipated in �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .02 Tw (1292$a$$3$'s enactment, we) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.23 Tw (agree with the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (amicus) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( that this is not the prototypical case in which) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.56 Tw (liability and damages are bifurcated. But the district court's order) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .25 Tw (does amount to a ruling on all "liability" issues, leaving open only the) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.7 Td .72 Tw (amount) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of RMST's salvage award. The district court determined that) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.3 Tw (the 1987 artifacts are indeed part of this proceeding, rejecting a) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.82 Tw (request of comity for the 1993 French administrative decision; that) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.44 Tw (salvage law, not finds law, continues to apply to this case; and that) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .07 Tw (a hearing be scheduled to determine the amount of any salvage award.) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .33 Tw (These rulings effectively bifurcated this salvage proceeding in a man-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .63 Tw (ner that is closely analogous to the "special circumstances" justifying) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (the exception stated in �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (1292$a$$3$. ) Tj 12 -25.9 Td 3.01 Tw (Before calculating a salvage award, a court must consider any) Tj -12 -12.7 Td .76 Tw (claims of ownership. If a party has a legitimate claim to title, no sal-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.54 Tw (vage award proceeding is necessary. Insofar as a decision by this) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.63 Tw (court might render that process partly or wholly unnecessary, our) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .61 Tw (exercise of jurisdiction under �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .61 Tw (1292$a$$3$ fulfills Congress' intent to) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 462.5 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (7) Tj -274.4856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 29 0 obj 4380 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 8 8 32 0 obj << /Length 33 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .67 Tw 0 Tc (promote judicial economy in admiralty courts by avoiding costly liti-) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 1.2 Tw (gation concerning damage awards. ) Tj 12 -23.4 Td .45 Tw (Accordingly, we conclude that this matter comes within the excep-) Tj -12 -11.4 Td 2.19 Tw (tion created by 28 U.S.C. �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.19 Tw (1292$a$$3$ and that therefore we have) Tj 0 -11.4 Td 1.2 Tw (jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal. ) Tj 156.2557 -23.4 Td (III) Tj -144.2557 -23.4 Td 2.64 Tw (RMST contends first that the district court erred in refusing to) Tj -12 -11.4 Td 1.38 Tw ("grant comity" to a French administrator's decision granting Titanic) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 3.45 Tw (Ventures Limited Partnership $"Titanic Ventures"$ $a Connecticut) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.5 Tw (limited partnership and RMST's predecessor$ title to the 1,800 arti-) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 4.48 Tw (facts recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in 1987. These artifacts were) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.45 Tw (retrieved during a joint expedition conducted by Titanic Ventures,) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.1 Tw (working in conjunction with and under a charter agreement with the) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.92 Tw (Institut Fran) Tj (�ais de Recherche Pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, the) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.83 Tw (French government's oceanographic institution. The 1987 artifacts) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.2 Tw (were taken to France for conservation and restoration. ) Tj 12 -23.5 Td .77 Tw (In the fall of 1993, Titanic Ventures sought and obtained from the) Tj -12 -11.5 Td 1.78 Tw (Office of Maritime Affairs $Ministry of Equipment, Transportation,) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.18 Tw (and Tourism$ for France an award of title to the 1987 artifacts. In a) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.15 Tw (letter to the head of Maritime Affairs of Lorient, Titanic Ventures) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.25 Tw (stated that the 1987 expedition to retrieve artifacts had been com-) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.76 Tw (pleted and that it wished to own those 1987 artifacts that were not) Tj 0 -11.5 Td .61 Tw (claimed by third parties following legal publication. Titanic Ventures) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.15 Tw (also made a commitment in the letter that "the artifacts will only be) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.6 Tw (used [for] a cultural purpose and will not, therefore, be part of any) Tj 0 -11.5 Td .87 Tw (operations which would lead to their dispersion, but to the exception) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.2 Tw (of exhibition purposes, and none of the artifacts will be sold." ) Tj 12 -23.5 Td 1.58 Tw (An administrator in the Office of Maritime Affairs responded, in) Tj -12 -11.5 Td 1.55 Tw (a letter dated October 12, 1993, that because no one had made any) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.11 Tw (claims pursuant to publication, ownership of the artifacts "shall be) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 2.2 Tw (delivered to the company Titanic Ventures Limited Partnership, as) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.58 Tw (salvager, in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of Decree) Tj 0 -11.5 Td .71 Tw (No. 61-1547 of December 26, 1961, instituting the system governing) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.5 Tw (wreckages.") Tj 4.7 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (2) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( The Administrator's decision also incorporated Titanic) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 10.5 -24 Td 4.3 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .7 Tw (2) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz .66 Tw (Article 13 of the 1961 Decree provides: "The Head of the Headquar-) Tj -10.5 -10.6 Td .61 Tw (ters of Maritime Affairs may remit to the salvor, as his property, all sal-) Tj 0 -10.6 Td .25 Tw (vage of little value which would produce no appreciable amount at sale.") Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -457.65 m 324 -457.65 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (8) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 33 0 obj 4292 endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 32 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 9 9 35 0 obj << /Length 36 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.67 Tw 0 Tc (Ventures' assurances made in its September 22, 1993 letter, stating) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .25 Tw (that "[Titanic Ventures] agreed to make use of such objects in confor-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.33 Tw (mity with the respect due the memory of their initial owners and to) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .4 Tw (not carry out any commercial transaction concerning such objects nor) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .32 Tw (any sale of any one of them nor any transaction entailing their disper-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .94 Tw (sion, if not for the purposes of an exhibition." On October 20, 1993,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.38 Tw (the Administrator declared in formal minutes of the transaction $a) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .73 Tw ("proc�s-verbal"$ that he "has carried out this day the delivery of arti-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .5 Tw (facts recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( wreck in 1987," listed in an attached) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.17 Tw (exhibit, in accordance with Titanic Ventures' letter dated September) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (22, 1993. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .17 Tw (RMST now argues that the district court's refusal to "grant comity") Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.11 Tw (to this transfer of title was based on conclusions "contrary to settled) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.03 Tw (law and that the district court improperly substituted its judgment as) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.58 Tw (to the requirements of French law." It argues that in any event, the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .44 Tw (1987 artifacts are not part of this case, a fact that it claims the district) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (court earlier recognized. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 3.13 Tw (In refusing to recognize the French administrator's decision to) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.7 Tw (award the 1987 artifacts to Titanic Ventures, the district court con-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .2 Tw (cluded that an application of the principles of international comity did) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .25 Tw (not justify the district court's recognition of the French administrative) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .45 Tw (proceeding, relying on ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Hilton v. Guyot) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 159 U.S. 113, 163-64 $1895$;) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.8 Tw (Jaffe v. Accredited Surety & Casualty Co.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 294 F.3d 584, 591 $4th) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .38 Tw (Cir. 2002$; and ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Somportex, Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.48 Tw (453 F.2d 435, 440 $3d Cir. 1972$. The district court concluded that) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.19 Tw (the delivery of the 1987 artifacts did not result from "a full and fair) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.26 Tw (adversary proceeding ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (before a court) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ("; that the French Administrator) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.48 Tw (of Maritime Affairs "clearly lacked authority to award title to the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.7 Tw (1987 artifacts under the provision of the French law he cited"; and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.34 Tw (that the transfer would be "contrary to United States public policy,") Tj 0 -12.4 Td .43 Tw (referring particularly to the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( Maritime Memorial Act of) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.39 Tw (1986, 16 U.S.C. �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.39 Tw (450rr ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (et ) Tj (seq.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, and regulations under it, 66 Fed.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (Reg., 18905-18912 $Apr. 12, 2001$. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.26 Tw (In reaching its conclusions, the district court implicitly concluded) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.48 Tw (that it had ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over the 1987 artifacts or jurisdiction) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.03 Tw (to issue a declaratory judgment as to them. This is manifested not) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .32 Tw (only by the court's ruling refusing to grant comity to the French deci-) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 462.5 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (9) Tj -274.4856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 36 0 obj 4470 endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 35 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 10 10 38 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.3 Tw 0 Tc (sion but also by its direction to RMST to submit evidence as to the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .23 Tw (value of all 5,900 artifacts in RMST's possession, including the 1,800) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .01 Tw (recovered in 1987, and its indication that it "may have to take delivery) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .71 Tw (of the 5,900 artifacts," depending on the outcome of the salvage pro-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.63 Tw (ceeding. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d at 744. We conclude,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.1 Tw (however, that the district court did not have ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.86 Tw (the 1987 artifacts or, absent ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction, any other jurisdic-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (tional basis upon which to issue a declaratory judgment. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .06 Tw (In August 1993, at the time that this ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( action was commenced,) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.99 Tw (the 1987 artifacts had already been separated from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( and) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.85 Tw (transported to France. While Titanic Ventures did not commence a) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .99 Tw (salvage action there, it did seek title to the 1987 artifacts through an) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.76 Tw (administrative order. In commencing this ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( action, however,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.53 Tw (RMST relied on artifacts retrieved from a ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (second) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( expedition con-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .49 Tw (ducted in 1993, bringing those artifacts physically to the Eastern Dis-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.03 Tw (trict of Virginia. It relied on a few artifacts presented to the court to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.74 Tw (assert that the court had constructive possession of the remaining) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.8 Tw (1993 artifacts, which were physically located in the district. It also) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .96 Tw (relied on these artifacts to invoke the district court's ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdic-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.68 Tw (tion over the wreck of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. Thus, it appears that the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.65 Tw (1987 artifacts, which were in France, were not part of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( over) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .06 Tw (which the district court could assert ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction. The 1987 arti-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.37 Tw (facts had been removed from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( some six years earlier and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.1 Tw (taken to France. This simple historical fact seems to have been con-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .7 Tw (firmed by the district court and counsel in December 1993, when the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.41 Tw (court conducted a hearing a few months after this case was com-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (menced:) Tj 22 -25.3 Td (Mr. Stillman [counsel for RMST]: ) Tj 0 -25.3 Td () Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw ( ) Tj 70 0 Td .28 Tw (The French government through the Ministry) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .38 Tw (of the Sea published notice in French embas-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.3 Tw (sies and newspapers internationally with the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.57 Tw (inventory of the artifacts that came up after) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.8 Tw (the 32 dives in 1987. That process culmi-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.11 Tw (nated in one claim internationally made to a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.97 Tw (business card that was brought up in 1987.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.85 Tw (That card is being held out of the artifacts.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.12 Tw (The rest of them have been given to R.M.S.) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (10) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 39 0 obj 4508 endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 38 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 11 11 41 0 obj << /Length 42 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 92 -8 Td .98 Tw 0 Tc (Titanic, successor in interest to Titanic Ven-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.46 Tw (tures, so our client owns and has title to all) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (of the 1987 artifacts pursuant to that French) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.98 Tw (administrative proceeding but for the one) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.84 Tw (card, and that order, which you have four) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .47 Tw (pages. Your Honor, you have the French and) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (the English. ) Tj -70 -25.2 Td (The Court: ) Tj 70 0 Td .1 Tw (That's subject to the unresolved claims of the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (insurance company? ) Tj -70 -25.2 Td (Mr. Stillman: ) Tj 70 0 Td (Well, your Honor, the 1987 artifacts are not) Tj 0 -12.3 Td (part of the present dispute. ) Tj -70 -25.2 Td (The Court: ) Tj 70 0 Td .37 Tw (Not part of the present dispute, you are right.) Tj -70 -25.2 Td 1.2 Tw (Mr. Stillman: ) Tj 70 0 Td (Yes sir. ) Tj -80 -25.2 Td .91 Tw (Because the 1987 artifacts were not in the Eastern District of Vir-) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.5 Tw (ginia; because they were not named as the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( defendant in this) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .07 Tw (case; and because they were not otherwise voluntarily subjected to the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .61 Tw (jurisdiction of the district court, the district court did have not ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.3 Td .67 Tw (jurisdiction over them. To exercise ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over a ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .81 Tw (court must have the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( within its jurisdiction. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.59 Tw (Haver) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d 943, 964 $4th Cir. 1999$ $") Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ("$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( 29) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.6 Tw (Moore's Federal Practice �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.6 Tw (710.08 $3d ed. 2005$; Fed. R. Civ. P.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .99 Tw (Supp. R. E$3$. The court must take either possession or control over) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.51 Tw (the property before it can "adjudicate rights in it that are binding) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .03 Tw (against the rest of the world." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at 964. When a court) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .77 Tw (has only part of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in its custody, it may nonetheless have "con-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .73 Tw (structive possession" over other parts of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in its district. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( For) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .15 Tw (example, in this ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( action, RMST presented the district court with) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .21 Tw (a wine decanter recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( and with evidence that the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.53 Tw (other 1993 artifacts were physically present within the Eastern Dis-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .35 Tw (trict of Virginia. Based on the fact that the 1993 artifacts were in Vir-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .85 Tw (ginia, the court issued a warrant ordering their arrest. Relying on the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.04 Tw (court's constructive possession of the artifacts located in the Eastern) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .3 Tw (District of Virginia, the court also purported to arrest the entire wreck) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .52 Tw (of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( and likewise the artifacts ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (yet) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( to be removed from it. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (at 952. ) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (11) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 42 0 obj 4533 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 41 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 12 12 44 0 obj << /Length 45 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 12 -8 Td .81 Tw 0 Tc (In reviewing earlier the district court's exercise of jurisdiction, we) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 2.41 Tw (noted that the "propriety of exercising ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over an) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .96 Tw (entire shipwreck ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (within the court's territorial jurisdiction) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( when only) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.01 Tw (one part of that wreck is actually presented to a court rests upon the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.35 Tw (fiction that the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (res) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( is not divided and that therefore possession of) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.58 Tw (some of it is ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (constructively possession) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of all." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 964 $emphasis) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .04 Tw (added$. When a ship lies outside the district court's territorial jurisdic-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .11 Tw (tion, however, we developed a notion of "constructive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdic-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.49 Tw (tion" for application to particular circumstances of this case. As we) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (explained:) Tj 22 -25.2 Td .43 Tw (We hasten to add that as we use the term "constructive," we) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .31 Tw (mean an "imperfect" or "inchoate" ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction which) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .56 Tw (falls short of giving the court sovereignty over the wreck. It) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.61 Tw (represents rather a "shared sovereignty," shared with other) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .46 Tw (nations enforcing the same ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (jus ) Tj (gentium) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. Through this mech-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 4.45 Tw (anism, internationally recognized rights may be legally) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .02 Tw (declared but not finally enforced. Final enforcement requires) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.85 Tw (the additional steps of bringing either party or persons) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.04 Tw (involved before the district court or a court of admiralty of) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (another nation. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.2 Td .86 Tw (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 967-68. But we did not purport to define a constructive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td .32 Tw (jurisdiction over personal property located within the sovereign limits) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (of other nations. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 2.33 Tw (It is apparent when considering these principles that the district) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 2.24 Tw (court did not have constructive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (possession) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of the 1987 artifacts to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.49 Tw (give it ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over them because the 1987 artifacts had) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.83 Tw (already been separated from the wreck and taken to France. More-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.05 Tw (over, it did not have constructive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in rem jurisdiction) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( over those arti-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.02 Tw (facts because constructive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction applied only to the) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( wreck lying in international waters. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 2.43 Tw (Absent ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction, there is no other jurisdictional basis) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.95 Tw (upon which the court could declare the rights to the 1987 artifacts) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.25 Tw (located in France. Until RMST is able to identify a person or entity) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.53 Tw (against whom to seek a declaratory judgment and obtain personal) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.73 Tw (jurisdiction over that person or entity, no jurisdiction could exist.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .85 Tw (Indeed, no case or controversy exists. RMST cannot come to a court) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (12) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 45 0 obj 4654 endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 13 13 47 0 obj << /Length 48 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.6 Tw 0 Tc (in the United States and simply assert that the court should declare) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.51 Tw (rights against the world as to property located in a foreign country.) Tj 12 -25.8 Td 2.57 Tw (Accordingly, to the extent that the district court's July 2, 2004) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (order addresses the 1987 artifacts, we vacate it. ) Tj 155.9337 -25.8 Td (IV) Tj -143.9337 -25.8 Td .08 Tw (RMST's principal contention is that the district court erred in deny-) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 2.05 Tw (ing it the opportunity of presenting evidence to justify awarding it) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.8 Tw (title to the artifacts under the law of finds, effectively changing its) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.84 Tw (role from that of "salvor-in-possession" to that of "finder" with) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.68 Tw (respect to the artifacts at issue in this case. RMST expressed the) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.25 Tw (desire, however, to continue to serve as salvor-in-possession when) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.65 Tw (retrieving artifacts. The district court denied RMST the opportunity) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.35 Tw (to present such evidence. After outlining the long ten-year history) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.61 Tw (under which RMST operated as salvor-in-possession under the pro-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (tection of numerous court orders, the court explained:) Tj 22 -25.8 Td 3.08 Tw (Simply put, RMST cannot have its cake and eat it too.) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.43 Tw (RMST asks the court to apply the law of finds to artifacts) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.72 Tw (already in its possession so that it can be awarded title to) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .56 Tw (those artifacts, but the company wants the law of salvage to) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .73 Tw (apply to the as-yet unrecovered artifacts in and surrounding) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .15 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( wreckage so that RMST, as salvor-in-possession,) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 2.88 Tw (can retain its exclusive right to reduce those artifacts to) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (actual possession.) Tj 0 -25.8 Td 1.74 Tw () Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.74 Tw (The common law of finds and the maritime law of sal-) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .97 Tw (vage, however, cannot be simultaneously applied to a ship-) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 3.31 Tw (wreck and property recovered from that shipwreck. The) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 3.55 Tw (doctrines serve different purposes and promote different) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (behaviors.) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.8 Td (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d at 736-37. The court concluded:) Tj 22 -25.7 Td 1.61 Tw (Because it would be inequitable and inconsistent to award) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 2.12 Tw (a party both the exclusive right to recover objects on the) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .62 Tw (premise that the recovery is being performed for the benefit) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (13) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 48 0 obj 3393 endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 47 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 14 14 51 0 obj << /Length 52 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 22 -8 Td .3 Tw 0 Tc (of the objects' owners, and to award title to the objects once) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .55 Tw (they are recovered on the premise that they were previously) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.1 Tw (unowned, the laws of finds and salvage cannot simulta-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .55 Tw (neously be applied to a shipwreck and to personalty already) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (recovered from that shipwreck. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.2 Td (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 737. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 1.83 Tw (We begin our treatment of RMST's contention by agreeing with) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.24 Tw (the district court that the law of salvage and the law of finds "serve) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.65 Tw (different purposes and promote different behaviors." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 736; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.53 Tw (also ) Tj (Hener v. United States) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 525 F. Supp. 350, 354-59 $S.D.N.Y.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.07 Tw (1981$. The law of salvage, which has been applied to this case until) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .09 Tw (now, has a favored, indeed a dignified, place within the law of nations) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 3.78 Tw (or the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (jus ) Tj (gentium) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. The law of finds, however, is a disfavored) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.61 Tw (common-law doctrine rarely applied to wrecks and then only under) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (limited circumstances. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 1.36 Tw (As we have previously described the principles of salvage in this) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 3.78 Tw (case, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see ) Tj (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at 961-64; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .94 Tw (Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .07 Tw (286 F.3d 194, 202-07 $4th Cir. 2002$ $") Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ("$, the law of salvage) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .12 Tw (gives potential salvors incentives to render voluntary and effective aid) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.67 Tw (to people and property in distress at sea, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see ) Tj (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.32 Tw (962. Without some promise of remuneration, salvors might under-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.17 Tw (standably be reluctant to undertake the often dangerous and costly) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.44 Tw (efforts necessary to provide others with assistance. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( $"Absent) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.06 Tw (the promise of compensation and reward, we question whether a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .03 Tw (party, even one with the capacity to save the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( itself would incur) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.73 Tw (the costs to do so"$. For thousands of years, maritime law has) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .33 Tw (acknowledged the need to reward those who freely accept the respon-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .75 Tw (sibility of rescuing lives and property at sea. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (; 3A ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Benedict on) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .6 Tw (Admiralty) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( �) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .6 Tw (5, at 1-1 $7th ed. 2005$ $"Marine salvage has been a rec-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .4 Tw (ognized part of commercial transportation almost from the time when) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.74 Tw (seafarers sailed their vessels out of safe harbors and ventured forth) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (upon the sea"$. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.53 Tw (To secure payment of the salvage award, the law gives salvors a) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .85 Tw (maritime lien on the salved property. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at 963. The) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.44 Tw (lien attaches to the exclusion of all others, including other potential) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (14) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 52 0 obj 4517 endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 51 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 15 15 54 0 obj << /Length 55 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .7 Tw 0 Tc (salvors as well as the property's true owner. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Amstar Corp. v.) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .53 Tw (S/S Alexandros T.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 664 F.2d 904, 908-09 $4th Cir. 1981$. Even as the) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .68 Tw (salvor is given this limited possessory interest in the salved property,) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.92 Tw (the true owner is not divested of title to the property. As we have) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (stated,) Tj 22 -25.9 Td 3.63 Tw (It is critical to note that under salvage law, the salvor) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .85 Tw (receives a lien in the property, not title to the property, and) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.84 Tw (as long as the case remains a salvage case, the lienholder) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .17 Tw (cannot assert a right to title even though he may end up with) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (title following execution or foreclosure of the lien.) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.9 Td (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 286 F.3d at 204-05. ) Tj 12 -25.8 Td 1.06 Tw (In addition to the maritime lien that attaches to salved property, a) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 1.17 Tw (court may grant a salvor the status of exclusive salvor-in-possession) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .11 Tw (over property that has yet to be recovered and may issue an injunction) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .1 Tw (to enforce that status. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Treasure Salvors) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 640 F.2d at 567 $"Among) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.25 Tw (the most important of these [salvage] rights [is] the right to exclude) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.4 Tw (others from participating in the salvage operations, so long as the) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.77 Tw (original salvor appears ready, willing and able to complete the sal-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (vage project"$. ) Tj 12 -25.8 Td 1.85 Tw (Along with granting salvor-in-possession status, the law imposes) Tj -12 -12.7 Td .3 Tw (on salvors the "duties of good faith, honesty, and diligence in protect-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.85 Tw (ing the property in [the] salvors' care." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at 964.) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 0 Tw (Because a salvor acts on behalf of a true owner, even when that owner) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .88 Tw (has not been identified, it serves as a trustee of the owner's property) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.76 Tw (and is therefore not permitted to use that property for its own pur-) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.45 Tw (poses. Consistent with trust-law principles, when the salvor violates) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .21 Tw (that trust, it may forfeit its salvage rights, including the right to exclu-) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (sive possession and a salvage award. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 964. ) Tj 12 -25.8 Td 1.41 Tw (In stark contrast to the nature and purpose of salvage law, which) Tj -12 -12.6 Td 1.05 Tw (is an ancient and time-honored part of the maritime ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (jus ) Tj (gentium) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, the) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.46 Tw (law of finds is a disfavored common-law doctrine incorporated into) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 2.72 Tw (admiralty but only rarely applied. The law of finds expresses the) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 2.26 Tw (acquisitive principle of "finders, keepers" � namely, that the first) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.54 Tw (finder obtains title over unowned property that it has reduced to its) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (15) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 55 0 obj 4006 endobj 53 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 54 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 16 16 57 0 obj << /Length 58 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 2.81 Tw 0 Tc (possession.) Tj 4.7 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (3) Tj 0 Ts /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( Traditionally, in admiralty, that principle was applied) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .89 Tw (only to objects found in the state of nature, such as marine flora and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.39 Tw (fauna, that were never previously owned and could thus be reduced) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.36 Tw (to possession by an original "finder." 3A ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Benedict on Admiralty) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td .45 Tw (�) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .45 Tw (158, at 11-16. More recently, the doctrine has been applied to long-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .78 Tw (lost and abandoned shipwrecks, which, having once been owned, are) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .84 Tw (no longer the property of anyone and so revert to the state of nature.) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.87 Tw (See ) Tj (Hener) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 525 F. Supp. at 354 $"The common law of finds treats) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .8 Tw (property that is abandoned as returned to the state of nature and thus) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.24 Tw (equivalent to property, such as fish or ocean plants, with no prior) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (owner"$. ) Tj 12 -25.4 Td 1.71 Tw (Courts, however, have traditionally presumed that when property) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 2.08 Tw (is lost at sea, title remains with the true owner, regardless of how) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.01 Tw (much time has passed. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Columbus-America Discovery Group v.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .16 Tw (Atl. Mut. Ins. Co.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 974 F.2d 450, 461 $4th Cir. 1992$ $"Once an article) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .08 Tw (has been lost at sea, `lapse of time and nonuser [sic] are not sufficient,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .97 Tw (in and of themselves, to constitute an abandonment'"$ $quoting ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Wig-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .24 Tw (gins v. 1100 Tons, More or Less, of Italian Marble) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 186 F. Supp. 452,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.18 Tw (456 \(E.D. Va. 1960$\). We have noted only two types of maritime) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.16 Tw (cases in which the presumption against abandonment is overcome:) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.77 Tw (first, those in which property owners expressly relinquish title; and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.18 Tw (second, those where "items are recovered from ancient shipwrecks) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.8 Tw (and no owner appears in court to claim them." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Columbus-America) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .7 Tw (974 F.2d at 461; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see also ) Tj (Adams v. Unione Mediterranea Di Sicurta) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.5 Tw (220 F.3d 659, 671 $5th Cir. 2000$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Martha's Vineyard) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 833 F.3d at) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.4 Tw (1065. The presumption that property lost at sea is not abandoned is) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 2 Tw (based on fundamental notions of property that underlie admiralty's) Tj 0 -12.5 Td .94 Tw (policy favoring the law of salvage over the law of finds. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Dluhos) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.2 Tw (v. Floating & Abandoned Vessel) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 162 F.3d 63, 74 $2d Cir. 1998$. ) Tj 12 -25.4 Td .43 Tw (To apply the law of finds other than to the most exceptional of cir-) Tj -12 -12.5 Td 1.21 Tw (cumstances would promote behavior fundamentally at odds with the) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.51 Tw (principles of mutual aid which underlie salvage law. In an oft-cited) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.2 Tw (opinion, Judge Sofaer explained:) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 10.5 -25.9 Td 4.3 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 1.33 Tw (3) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz 1.27 Tw (To establish a claim under the law of finds, a finder must show $1$) Tj -10.5 -11.5 Td .33 Tw (intent to reduce property to possession, $2$ actual or constructive posses-) Tj 0 -11.5 Td .36 Tw (sion of the property, and $3$ that the property is either unowned or aban-) Tj 0 -11.5 Td 1.05 Tw (doned. ) Tj /F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (See ) Tj (Hener) Tj /F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz (, 525 F. Supp. at 356. ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -443.25 m 324 -443.25 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (16) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 58 0 obj 4750 endobj 56 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 57 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 17 17 60 0 obj << /Length 61 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 22 -8 Td 1.62 Tw 0 Tc (These rules [of finds law] encourage certain types of con-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.37 Tw (duct and discourage others. A would-be finder should be) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.96 Tw (expected to act acquisitively, to express a will to own by) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .05 Tw (acts designed to establish the high degree of control required) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.41 Tw (for a finding of possession. The would-be finder's longing) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.04 Tw (to acquire is exacerbated by the prospect of being found to) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .68 Tw (have failed to establish title. If either intent or possession is) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .48 Tw (found lacking, the would-be finder receives nothing; neither) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.07 Tw (effort alone nor acquisition unaccompanied by the required) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.86 Tw (intent is rewarded. Moreover, if the property is ultimately) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .97 Tw (found not to have been abandoned the law of finds permits) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .44 Tw (no reward, even for efforts to recover the property that have) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.41 Tw (been partly or completely successful. Furthermore, success) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .85 Tw (as a finder is measured solely in terms of obtaining posses-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .1 Tw (sion of specific property; possession of specific property can) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.28 Tw (seldom be shared, and mere contribution by one party to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.44 Tw (another's successful efforts to obtain possession earns no) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (compensation.) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz -22 -25.3 Td .87 Tw (Hener) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 525 F. Supp. at 356 $internal citation omitted$. Thus, under a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2 Tw (regime where the law of finds were to be applied freely, one who) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.17 Tw (would come upon a lost ship on the high seas would be encouraged) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .17 Tw (to refrain from attempting to save it and to entertain the idea of taking) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.53 Tw (the valuable cargo for himself as a finder. Indeed, a free finders-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.86 Tw (keepers policy is but a short step from active piracy and pillaging.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .13 Tw (How long after a ship runs aground would it take under a free finders-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.33 Tw (keepers policy before scavengers would be crawling over the wreck) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.14 Tw (for property to deprive the owner of his property rights? Because of) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.7 Tw (this tendency to encourage acquisitive behavior, the law of finds is) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .32 Tw (applied sparingly � only when no private or public interest would be) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (adversely affected by its application. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 4.14 Tw (In this case, to change RMST's role from that as salvor-in-) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .13 Tw (possession to that as finder would be momentous. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (First) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, RMST would) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .25 Tw (no longer be the trustee of the property that it has salvaged, becoming) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.8 Tw (the owner of the very property that had been placed in its trust by) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.13 Tw (court orders. This breach of the trust relationship would do violence) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .23 Tw (to basic notions of trust law, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see, e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, Restatement $Second$ of Trusts) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .76 Tw (��) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .76 Tw (169-176 $1959$ $describing duties of trustees$, and work an injus-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .5 Tw (tice to those who had earlier sought unsuccessfully to be salvors, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see,) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (17) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 61 0 obj 4169 endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 60 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 18 18 63 0 obj << /Length 64 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 0 Tw 0 Tc (e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed) Tj 0 -12.8 Td .4 Tw (to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 924 F. Supp. 714, 716 $E.D. Va. 1996$. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Sec-) Tj 0 -12.8 Td 2.18 Tw (ond) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, as RMST became finder of the artifacts, court supervision of) Tj 0 -12.8 Td 1.04 Tw (them would end, and RMST could do what it wished with the prop-) Tj 0 -12.8 Td 1.96 Tw (erty it recovered, despite its earlier promises, which might become) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .48 Tw (difficult to enforce. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Finally) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, such a ruling would open the way to jus-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 4.73 Tw (tified claims of unfairness by other would-be finders who are) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .3 Tw (excluded from the wreck site. Urging a consistent application of finds) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.57 Tw (to artifacts and the wreck, these would-be finders would participate) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.07 Tw (in an unsupervised rush to the site to recover anything that could be) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .35 Tw (grabbed, without regard to the site, the remains, to potential claims of) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .18 Tw (ownership by descendants of original owners, and to historical, arche-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (ological, and cultural interests. ) Tj 12 -25.9 Td 1.23 Tw (Moreover, there are the facts that appropriately prompted the dis-) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 1.77 Tw (trict court to apply notions of estoppel to the circumstances of this) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.12 Tw (case: ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (First) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, even though RMST pleaded its complaint in the alterna-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .06 Tw (tive, alleging a right to ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (possession) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of the property recovered as salvor-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.8 Tw (in-possession or to ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (title) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( to the property, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( Fed. R. Civ. P. 8$a$) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 4.08 Tw ($"Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2 Tw (demanded"$, RMST has pursued this case from the beginning as a) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .75 Tw (salvor-in-possession to preserve the property either for the owners or) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .72 Tw (for the historic and cultural interest of the public. Based on its repre-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.35 Tw (sentations and promises, the district court granted RMST an injunc-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.25 Tw (tion that excluded the world from the site and from RMST's efforts) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .97 Tw (to retrieve artifacts. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Second) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, the district court continued to make rul-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.22 Tw (ings that protected RMST on the assumption that RMST was acting) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .65 Tw (as a trustee for the artifacts under court supervision for the benefit of) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .26 Tw (the owners or the public. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Third) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, RMST's promises and actions to pro-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .11 Tw (tect the site and the artifacts has instilled in the public conscience reli-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.44 Tw (ance and actions that might, in the absence of such promises and) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 3.34 Tw (actions, have taken a different form. For example, Congress has) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.2 Tw (enacted law about the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( that was only advisory, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (see) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( 16 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -12.7 Td (�) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (450rr ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (et ) Tj (seq) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (., thus respecting the salvage operation. ) Tj 12 -25.9 Td 1.99 Tw (Finally, as a legal matter, we are unaware of any court that has) Tj -12 -12.7 Td 1.78 Tw (awarded salvage-in-possession status to a salvor and, after years of) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 1.29 Tw (supervision, changed the salvor's role to that of finder, even though) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .73 Tw (we have recognized in the abstract the legal possibility of this occur-) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (18) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 64 0 obj 4754 endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 63 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 19 19 66 0 obj << /Length 67 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.51 Tw 0 Tc (ring under different circumstances. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 286 F.3d at) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (205; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Columbus-America) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 974 F.2d at 461-65. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 2.75 Tw (RMST nonetheless maintains that because it is proper to plead) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .13 Tw (alternatively a right to possession in its salvage role and a right to title) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .86 Tw (in a finder role, it should be allowed to pursue either or both claims.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .75 Tw (To hold otherwise, RMST argues, would present it with a "Hobson's) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.77 Tw (choice": either file as a finder, and risk receiving no award from a) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .54 Tw (potential divestiture of title on the appearance of a true owner; or file) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .51 Tw (as a salvor, and risk receiving no award should the property be found) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (abandoned and no owner existed to pay the award. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 2.32 Tw (Nothing we have said contradicts RMST's right to plead in the) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 2.56 Tw (alternative as authorized by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8$a$.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.15 Tw (What we have concluded is that a salvor, who has accepted the role) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.45 Tw (of salvor-in-possession and obtained benefits under that role for a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.74 Tw (period of ten years under the protection of the court, may not then) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .41 Tw (seek to convert its role to finder in order to obtain title to the artifacts) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.6 Tw (under the law of finds while remaining a salvor-in-possession as to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .51 Tw (the wreck site. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 286 F.3d at 205 $"[A]s long as the case) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.04 Tw (remains a salvage case, the lienholder cannot assert a right to title) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .27 Tw (even though he may end up with the title following execution or fore-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.16 Tw (closure of the lien"$. RMST has cited no case in which a party who) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.61 Tw (was declared a salvor-in-possession with respect to recovered prop-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .7 Tw (erty was later declared a finder under the law of finds. The barrier to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.63 Tw (converting RMST's role is not a barrier in pleading procedure; it) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .9 Tw (derives from an inconsistency in the performance of the two roles in) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (the circumstances of this case. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.18 Tw (Moreover, RMST's substantive argument that it faces a Hobson's) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 2.67 Tw (choice is legally without merit. It suggests that it must guess the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.04 Tw (proper route as between pursuing salvage rights or asserting finders') Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.55 Tw (rights, at the risk of no award. The law, however, does not suggest) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.04 Tw (such an either-or risk. Under finds, RMST would effectively receive) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .35 Tw (an award in the value of what it reduced to possession, and under sal-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.1 Tw (vage it would also be assured an award from the value of what it) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .65 Tw (reduced to possession. Indeed, if the value of property salvaged were) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.77 Tw (insufficient to cover an appropriate salvage award, then the court) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.03 Tw (could, after making appropriate findings, even grant an ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (specie) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 1.62 Tw (award to the salvor. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 286 F.3d at 204 $discussing various) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (19) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 67 0 obj 4352 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 66 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 20 20 70 0 obj << /Length 71 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .41 Tw 0 Tc (methods of discharging salvage liens$. Thus, a salvor-in-possession is) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .67 Tw (not unfairly disadvantaged by being denied the opportunity to pursue) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (simultaneously an award of title under the law of finds. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 1.38 Tw (RMST also argues that the district court erred in assuming that a) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .27 Tw (party seeking title under the law of finds cannot also maintain a claim) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .1 Tw (for exclusive possession under the law of salvage for the actual recov-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .08 Tw (ery operations. The district court held that it would be unfair to permit) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .85 Tw (a salvor in possession to become a "finder," because a salvor is enti-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.24 Tw (tled to exclusive possession, whereas a finder is not. As the court) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .51 Tw (stated, "[I]f the law of finds is being applied to award title to the first) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.16 Tw (party that can demonstrate both `possession' under finds law and an) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.51 Tw (intent to own abandoned property, then the court does not have the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .71 Tw (authority to prohibit others from also attempting to recover the aban-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .12 Tw (doned property." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 F. Supp. 2d at 736-737. A finder) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .33 Tw (cannot exclude others from their attempts to obtain first possession of) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .14 Tw (artifacts recovered from an abandoned wreck. For that reason, the dis-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.96 Tw (trict court held that RMST cannot claim to be a finder and, at the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.3 Tw (same time, seek to exclude the rest of the world from salvaging the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.17 Tw (wreck or reducing its artifacts to possession under finds law. As the) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .15 Tw (court characterized its reasoning, "RMST cannot have its cake and eat) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (it too." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( at 735. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td 1.24 Tw (Even were we to recognize the concept of an exclusive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (finder) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (-in-) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.25 Tw (possession for a wreck, which we do not, RMST has never asserted) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .05 Tw (itself as one. There is nothing in the record to suggest that RMST ever) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .96 Tw (requested injunctive relief to exclude others from interfering with its) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.64 Tw (efforts to obtain title to the artifacts. To the contrary, RMST has) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.31 Tw (repeatedly represented to the district court and this court that it was) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .11 Tw (the exclusive ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (salvor-in-possession) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (. For example, in pro-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.69 Tw (ceedings related to the June 1994 order granting RMST status as) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.95 Tw (salvor-in-possession, "the parties expressed their unequivocal intent) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.26 Tw (that RMST's role be that of salvor, not finder." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic II) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 286 F.3d) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.71 Tw (at 207. With respect to RMST's position at that time, we observed) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.78 Tw (that "RMST has never argued that the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( had been abandoned) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .98 Tw (and that it was entitled to the entire ship and the artifacts from it, as) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .73 Tw (would be required if this case progressed under the law of finds." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 12 -25.3 Td .15 Tw (Moreover, had RMST made such a request, the district court would) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 3.03 Tw (have summarily denied it because RMST would be illegitimately) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (20) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 71 0 obj 4478 endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 70 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 21 21 73 0 obj << /Length 74 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .71 Tw 0 Tc (transposing a right to exclude others during salvage operations into a) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .56 Tw (right to exclude others when attempting to become a finder under the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.05 Tw (finds law. A salvor may be granted possession of a wreckage site to) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.45 Tw (prevent interference with salvage operations conducted on behalf of) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.8 Tw (the owner, but no similar equity entitles a finder to have exclusive) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (access to obtain title to unowned property. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .57 Tw (For the reasons enumerated, we conclude that the district court did) Tj -12 -12.3 Td .72 Tw (not err in denying RMST the opportunity to present evidence in sup-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .07 Tw (port of a claim that it now be declared a finder with respect to the arti-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 4.25 Tw (facts recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( while remaining the salvor-in-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (possession of the wreck. ) Tj 157.8485 -25.2 Td (V) Tj -145.8485 -25.2 Td .17 Tw (In remanding this case to the district court to proceed as a maritime) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 1.45 Tw (salvage case, we are mindful that the salvage law traditionally does) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .81 Tw (not have as its object the recovery of historical wrecks for historical,) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .33 Tw (archeological, and cultural purposes. The ancient salvage law that has) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.89 Tw (continued to this day was applied to protect the property and lives) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .4 Tw (relating to ships in distress. While the principles of salvage law apply) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .3 Tw (to shipwrecks, again the purpose was to have the salvor recover prop-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.47 Tw (erty for the owner in a trust relationship. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj (Titanic I) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 171 F.3d at) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .4 Tw (964. Under this understanding, the salvage law "offers a premium, by) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.9 Tw (way of honorary award, for prompt and ready assistance to human) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.61 Tw (sufferings; for a bold and fearless intrepidity; and for that affecting) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.31 Tw (chivalry, which forgets itself in an anxiety to save property, as well) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.02 Tw (as life." ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (The Henry Ewbank) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 11 F. Cas. 1166, 1170 $D. Mass. 1833$) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw ($No. 6376$. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .13 Tw (Thus, when we ask in this case whether RMST's efforts were made) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.48 Tw (for the "prompt and ready assistance to human sufferings"; whether) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .97 Tw (they represent the "chivalry" of the salvage law "which forgets itself) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.93 Tw (in an anxiety to save property, as well as life"; whether they were) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .83 Tw (taken in furtherance of the role of a trustee for the property's owner,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.42 Tw (we can only respond by questioning whether salvage law is so lim-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (ited. This point has been noted in recent academic commentary:) Tj 22 -25.2 Td .97 Tw ([T]he customary law of salvage cannot easily be applied to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.53 Tw (historic wreck. Law pertaining generally to wreck is one) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (21) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 74 0 obj 3872 endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 73 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 22 22 76 0 obj << /Length 77 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 22 -8 Td 4.4 Tw 0 Tc (thing, but law pertaining specifically to historic wreck) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.67 Tw ($underwater cultural heritage$ is quite another. The advent) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .1 Tw (of major treasure salvage is so recent that there simply is not) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .37 Tw (applicable custom, let alone a ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (jus ) Tj (gentium) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( that addresses the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.44 Tw (unique phenomenon of underwater cultural heritage in any) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (coherent way. ) Tj -22 -25.2 Td 1.4 Tw (James Nafziger, "The Evolving Role of Admiralty Courts in Litiga-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .89 Tw (tion Related to Historic Wreck," 44 Harv. Int'l L.J. 251, 261 $2003$.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .74 Tw (Nonetheless, the salvage law, by default, has continued to be applied) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .81 Tw (to historic wreck in the modern cases. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Int'l Aircraft Recov-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.74 Tw (ery LLC v. Unidentified, Wrecked & Abandoned Aircraft) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 218 F.3d) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.02 Tw (1255, 1263 $11th Cir. 2000$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Columbus-America) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 974 F.2d at 450;) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td .38 Tw (Bemis v. R.M.S. Lusitania) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 884 F. Supp. 1042 $E.D. Va. 1995$; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (MDM) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.16 Tw (Salvage, Inc. v. Unidentified, Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing Vessel) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (631 F. Supp. 308 $S.D. Fla. 1986$. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td .53 Tw (Some courts have responded to the awkwardness of fit by attempt-) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.11 Tw (ing to treat historic wrecks under the law of finds. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Zych v.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .18 Tw (Unidentified, Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 811 F. Supp. 1300 $N.D.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.34 Tw (Ill. 1992$. But when we recognize that a case in finds would award) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .59 Tw (outright title to the finder and that the public interest in long-lost his-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .18 Tw (toric wrecks could not be served, we readily conclude that the salvage) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .4 Tw (law is much better suited to supervise the salvage of a historic wreck.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.21 Tw (Indeed, supervising a historic wreck under the law of finds would) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .43 Tw (leave the court without an ability to regulate what the finder could do) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .72 Tw (with the artifacts found or how it might treat the wreck site. Because) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.31 Tw (the traditional law of salvage, however, involves the creation of a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .12 Tw (trust relationship between salvor and the court on behalf of the owner,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.18 Tw (it is not a major step to apply the same principles to historic wreck,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .03 Tw (creating a trust relationship between the salvor and the court on behalf) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .08 Tw (of the public interest. This of course assumes that the owner no longer) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.17 Tw (exists and its successors or descendants have evidenced no further) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .71 Tw (interest in the wreck. Moreover, any such principles would still yield) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.15 Tw (to one who could establish a right of ownership, if not barred under) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (other relevant defenses. ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td .15 Tw (This application of salvage law to historic wrecks would not signif-) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .66 Tw (icantly change a salvor's role � it would still report to the court and) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .33 Tw (ultimately receive an appropriate award. Moreover, it would effect no) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (22) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 77 0 obj 4374 endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 76 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 23 23 79 0 obj << /Length 80 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 1.63 Tw 0 Tc (change in RMST's role. RMST has voluntarily and openly pursued) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .94 Tw (its functions as a trustee for the public interest, and the district court) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.67 Tw (has repeatedly accepted that offer. In its annual reports, RMST has) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .12 Tw (stated its mission "to preserve the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ('s history by keeping its arti-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .1 Tw (facts recovered from the wreck site together as a collection for exhibi-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.18 Tw (tion to the public, without sale to private collectors, and to obtain) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.8 Tw (oceanic material and scientific data from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( wreck site for) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.67 Tw (purposes of historical verification, scientific study and education.") Tj 0 -12.3 Td .96 Tw (One report goes on to quote, as part of RMST's mission, the district) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.11 Tw (court's recognition of RMST's accomplishments in "maximizing the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.53 Tw (wreck's historical value in returning the wreck's artifacts to society) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (for the general use and education of all mankind." ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .04 Tw (RMST made such statements to the district court even before it was) Tj -12 -12.3 Td 3.3 Tw (declared exclusive salvor-in-possession, and the district court has) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.62 Tw (stated that it relied on RMST's statement of mission in declaring) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .97 Tw (RMST the exclusive salvor-in-possession and in entering subsequent) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.48 Tw (orders protecting RMST from competitive interference. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -12.4 Td 2.9 Tw (R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, 924 F. Supp. at 718, 723; ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .94 Tw (Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel . . . believed to be the R.M.S. Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .02 Tw (9 F. Supp. 2d 624, 636 $E.D. Va. 1998$. In its October 19, 2001 order,) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (the district court recounted that) Tj 22 -25.2 Td 1.54 Tw (The salvors in possession of this vessel assured this Court) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .97 Tw (throughout the pendency of this case on the Court's docket) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.61 Tw (that they would not sell the artifacts piecemeal and would) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .37 Tw (keep them together to be seen and admired by many people.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 4.01 Tw (Before salvor in possession status was ever granted to) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.01 Tw (RMST, the company assured the Court that RMST's inten-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.09 Tw (tion was to exhibit, not sell, the artifacts that had been sal-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (vaged from the ship.) Tj -22 -25.2 Td 1.43 Tw (The court referred to an earlier report from RMST in which RMST) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.18 Tw (stated, "The long-term intent of RMST's research and recovery pro-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .8 Tw (gram is to keep the artifacts recovered from the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( together as a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (`collection' and make them available for exhibition to the public." ) Tj 12 -25.3 Td .31 Tw (In connection with its ongoing periodic reports to the district court,) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .75 Tw (the president of RMST has reaffirmed RMST's mission and reported) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.06 Tw (specific additional activities to further the public interest, such as its) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (23) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 80 0 obj 4146 endobj 78 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 79 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 24 24 82 0 obj << /Length 83 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 2.05 Tw 0 Tc (hiring of experts and its co-founding, in 1994, the Titanic Interna-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .5 Tw (tional Advisory Committee. Specifically, in a February 29, 1996 affi-) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .49 Tw (davit filed with the court, George Tulloch, president of RMST, stated) Tj 0 -12.7 Td .45 Tw (with respect to the artifacts that RMST recovered, "In order to ensure) Tj 0 -12.7 Td 2.32 Tw (the archeological integrity of its research and recovery efforts and) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .14 Tw (honor the historical and scientific significance of its pursuits, [RMST]) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .12 Tw (engaged experts from various fields, including maritime scientists and) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.42 Tw (other professional experts." During that same year, Tulloch testified) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (in court:) Tj 22 -25.8 Td .81 Tw (Q:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj .81 Tw (All right, sir. Are you participating in the international) Tj 23 -12.6 Td 3.62 Tw (Advisory Committee that has been founded by the) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (National Maritime Museum of Great Britain? ) Tj -23 -25.8 Td (A:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (The Titanic committee, yes. ) Tj 0 -25.8 Td (Q:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (How are you participating? ) Tj 0 -25.7 Td (A:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (We are a member to that committee.) Tj 0 -25.7 Td (Q:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (What are its purposes? ) Tj 0 -25.7 Td .11 Tw (A:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj .11 Tw (Its purposes are to advise R.M.S. Titanic as to the long-) Tj 23 -12.6 Td 1.38 Tw (term goals of a permanent ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( memorial museum,) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.36 Tw (and to oversee and advise R.M.S. Titanic as salvor in) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .97 Tw (possession as regards to its responsibility to the wreck) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (site on the R.M.S. Titanic. ) Tj -23 -25.7 Td 2.11 Tw (Q:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 2.11 Tw (All right, sir. You subscribe to the principles of that) Tj 23 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (advisory committee? ) Tj -23 -25.7 Td 1.25 Tw (A:) Tj 8.62 Tw ( ) Tj 1.25 Tw (Yes, sir. And our board has signed a policy statement) Tj 23 -12.6 Td 1.2 Tw (to that effect. ) Tj -33 -25.7 Td .09 Tw (While we have by default applied traditional salvage law to historic) Tj -12 -12.6 Td .47 Tw (wrecks, both earlier in this case and in prior cases, we now ratify this) Tj 0 -12.6 Td 2.48 Tw (application as appropriate to a historically or culturally significant) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .09 Tw (wreck. When no person has made a claim to a historical wreck's own-) Tj 0 -12.6 Td .9 Tw (ership and any insurance company that has paid a loss in connection) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (24) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 83 0 obj 3245 endobj 81 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 68 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 82 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 25 25 85 0 obj << /Length 86 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td .35 Tw 0 Tc (with the wreck has relinquished its interest, the court may appoint the) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .43 Tw (plaintiff to serve as salvor to further the public interest in the wreck's) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.45 Tw (historical, archeological, or cultural aspects and to protect the site) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.06 Tw (through injunctive relief, installing the salvor as its exclusive trustee) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .48 Tw (so long as the salvor continues the operation. The court may, in addi-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.4 Tw (tion to the traditional salvage remedies, also enter such orders as to) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .75 Tw (the title and use of the property retrieved as will promote the histori-) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.85 Tw (cal, archeological, and cultural purposes of the salvage operation.) Tj 0 -12.3 Td .2 Tw (Indeed, to that end the salvor might be able to obtain public or private) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.71 Tw (funding. Finally, the court must include in its remedies a design to) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.27 Tw (provide the salvor with an appropriate reward, which may include) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.11 Tw (awards ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (specie) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (, full or restricted ownership of artifacts, limitations) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 2.79 Tw (on use of the artifacts, rights to income from display and shared) Tj 0 -12.3 Td 1.2 Tw (research, and future rights to salvage. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td .87 Tw (Of course, if a claim to ownership of a historic wreck is affirmed,) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .83 Tw (then the salvor continues in a trust relationship to the owner, as with) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (any salvage operation. ) Tj 12 -25.2 Td 1.23 Tw (In recognizing the applicability of salvage law to historic wrecks,) Tj -12 -12.4 Td 1.08 Tw (we do not create a new cause of action or a new category of salvor.) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .04 Tw (Rather we are explicitly acknowledging the application of salvage law) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.6 Tw (to historic wrecks � an application that has been ongoing now for) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.49 Tw (years � for the purpose of formalizing the salvage trust of historic) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.88 Tw (wrecks and better informing the appropriate participation in such a) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 3.3 Tw (trust. Thus when the salvor functions in the public interest with) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .81 Tw (respect to a historic wreck, the district court will more readily award) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.03 Tw (it exclusive salvage-in-possession status and, in the same vein, more) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .68 Tw (readily supervise the salvage operation in the public interest. Like all) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.98 Tw (salvage proceedings, however, the encouragement for pursuing sal-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.37 Tw (vage of historic wrecks is the salvor's ability to receive exclusive) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 2.16 Tw (salvage-in-possession status and the promise of an appropriate sal-) Tj 0 -12.4 Td .88 Tw (vage award, neither of which is provided to the salvor under the law) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.2 Tw (of finds. ) Tj 155.9337 -25.2 Td (VI) Tj -143.9337 -25.3 Td .11 Tw (In sum, we vacate the district court's order in this case to the extent) Tj -12 -12.4 Td .9 Tw (that it seeks to exercise ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (in ) Tj (rem) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( jurisdiction over the 1987 artifacts or) Tj 0 -12.4 Td 1.68 Tw (declare a right of title in them. We affirm the district court's order) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 457 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (25) Tj -268.9856 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. W) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (RECKED AND) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (BANDONED) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( V) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ESSEL) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 144 -152.25 m 468 -152.25 l s Q endstream endobj 86 0 obj 3968 endobj 84 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 87 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 85 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 26 26 89 0 obj << /Length 90 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8 Td 3.05 Tw 0 Tc (denying RMST's request to seek to change its role from that of) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.28 Tw (salvor-in-possession to that of a finder. And we remand this case to) Tj 0 -12.5 Td .67 Tw (the district court with the recognition that it may apply the principles) Tj 0 -12.5 Td .42 Tw (of traditional salvage law to the wreck of the ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz (Titanic) Tj /F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz ( in a manner that) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.54 Tw (serves either the owner or, absent an owner, the public interest and) Tj 0 -12.5 Td 1.2 Tw (at the same time provides an appropriate award to the salvor. ) Tj /F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz 112.61 -25.5 Td (AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,) Tj 122.353 -12.5 Td (AND REMANDED) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 144 -148.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (26) Tj 44.0144 0 Td (R.M.S. T) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ITANIC) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. 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URL: https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/Published/041933.P.pdf

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