list back() function in C++ STL

The list::back() function in C++ STL returns a direct reference to the last element in the list container. This function is different from the list::end() function as the end() function returns only the iterator to the last element.

Syntax

list_name.back();

Parameters

• This function does not accept any parameter.

Return Value

• Returns a direct reference to the last element in the list container.

Exception

• Calling this function on an empty list container creates an undefined behavior in C++.

Example

The below program illustrates the list::back() function.

30

Time Complexity: O(1)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)