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Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi 6.1.0

Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi

Native Herumi BLS implementation for Ethereum consensus layer (Beacon Chain) signature verification.

Overview

Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi provides a production-ready native implementation of BLS (Boneh-Lynn-Shacham) signatures using the Herumi BLS library. This is the recommended implementation for verifying Ethereum consensus layer signatures (sync committees, validator attestations, light clients).

Key Features:

• Native Herumi BLS library (MCL/BLST backend)
• High-performance BLS12-381 operations
• Cross-platform support (Windows, Linux, macOS)
• Ethereum 2.0 sync committee verification
• Light client signature verification
• Production-tested in Ethereum infrastructure

Use Cases:

• Light clients (verify beacon chain without full node)
• Sync committee signature verification
• Consensus layer data validation
• Portal Network implementations
• Ethereum beacon chain APIs

Installation

dotnet add package Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi

Platform Support:

• Windows (x64)
• Linux (x64)

Dependencies

Nethereum:

• Nethereum.Signer.Bls - Core BLS abstraction

Native Libraries (included in package):

• Herumi BLS native binaries for all supported platforms

Quick Start

using Nethereum.Signer.Bls;
using Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi;

// Create Herumi BLS instance
var blsBindings = new HerumiNativeBindings();
var bls = new NativeBls(blsBindings);

// Initialize (loads native library)
await bls.InitializeAsync();

// Verify aggregate BLS signature
bool isValid = bls.VerifyAggregate(
 aggregateSignature, // 96 bytes
 publicKeys, // Array of 48-byte validator public keys
 messages, // Array of 32-byte signing roots
 domain // 32 bytes: forkDigest|domainType
);

Console.WriteLine($"Signature valid: {isValid}");

API Reference

NativeBls

High-level BLS operations implementing IBls. This is the main entry point for consumers.

public class NativeBls : IBls
{
 public NativeBls(INativeBlsBindings bindings);
 public Task InitializeAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
 public bool VerifyAggregate(byte[] aggregateSignature, byte[][] publicKeys, byte[][] messages, byte[] domain);
 public byte[] AggregateSignatures(byte[][] signatures);
 public bool Verify(byte[] signature, byte[] publicKey, byte[] message);
 public (byte[] Signature, byte[] PublicKey) ExtractSignatureAndPublicKey(byte[] signatureWithPubKey);
}

• VerifyAggregate — verifies an aggregate BLS signature over one or more messages using ETH2-style domain separation.
• AggregateSignatures — combines multiple BLS signatures into a single aggregated signature (used for ERC-4337 BLS aggregation).
• Verify — verifies an individual BLS signature over a single message.
• ExtractSignatureAndPublicKey — splits a combined signatureWithPubKey byte array into the 96-byte signature and 48-byte public key.

HerumiNativeBindings

Low-level native Herumi BLS bindings implementing INativeBlsBindings. Used internally by NativeBls.

public class HerumiNativeBindings : INativeBlsBindings
{
 public Task EnsureAvailableAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
 public bool VerifyAggregate(byte[] aggregateSignature, byte[][] publicKeys, byte[][] messages, byte[] domain);
 public byte[] AggregateSignatures(byte[][] signatures);
 public bool Verify(byte[] signature, byte[] publicKey, byte[] message);
}

Important Notes

BLS12-381 Curve

• Curve: BLS12-381 (NOT secp256k1)
• Public Key: 48 bytes (compressed G1 point)
• Signature: 96 bytes (compressed G2 point)
• Security Level: ~128-bit (equivalent to 3072-bit RSA)

Domain Separation

Ethereum consensus layer uses domain types to prevent cross-context signature replay. The domain is a 4-byte prefix combined with the fork version and genesis validators root. Standard domain type prefixes:

These domain bytes are passed to BLS signing/verification as the domain parameter.

Native Library Loading

The package includes native binaries in the runtimes/ folder:

runtimes/
 win-x64/native/bls_eth.dll
 win-x64/native/mcl.dll
 linux-x64/native/libbls_eth.so

.NET automatically loads the correct native library for your platform.

Performance

Optimization Tips:

• Initialize once and reuse NativeBls instance
• Aggregate verification is much faster than N individual verifications
• Use cached domain values

Thread Safety

NativeBls is thread-safe after initialization:

// Initialize once
var bls = new NativeBls(new HerumiNativeBindings());
await bls.InitializeAsync();

// Safe to use from multiple threads
Parallel.For(0, 100, i =>
{
 var isValid = bls.VerifyAggregate(...);
});

Error Handling

try
{
 await bls.InitializeAsync();
}
catch (DllNotFoundException ex)
{
 // Native library not found for platform
 Console.WriteLine($"Platform not supported: {ex.Message}");
}
catch (InvalidOperationException ex)
{
 // BLS library initialization failed
 Console.WriteLine($"BLS init failed: {ex.Message}");
}

// Verification errors
try
{
 var isValid = bls.VerifyAggregate(...);
}
catch (ArgumentException ex)
{
 // Invalid input (wrong sizes, null arrays)
 Console.WriteLine($"Invalid input: {ex.Message}");
}
catch (InvalidOperationException ex)
{
 // Not initialized
 Console.WriteLine($"Call InitializeAsync first: {ex.Message}");
}

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows (x64)

• Requires Visual C++ Redistributable (usually pre-installed)
• Includes both bls_eth.dll and mcl.dll

Linux (x64)

• Works on most distros (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Alpine)
• May require libstdc++6 on some systems
• Uses libbls_eth.so

Related Packages

Dependencies

• Nethereum.Signer.Bls - Core BLS abstraction

Used By

• Nethereum.Consensus.Ssz - SSZ encoding
• Light client implementations
• Beacon chain verification tools

Developer Guide: Native Library Packaging

This package uses a local NuGet package for native library distribution. This ensures native assets are correctly deployed on all platforms (Windows, Linux, Android, etc.).

Why Local Package?

Native libraries in runtimes/<rid>/native/ only work correctly when distributed via NuGet package. Using ProjectReference does not properly copy native assets to consuming Android/iOS apps.

Package Workflow

After ANY change to native libraries, you must re-pack:

# From repo root
dotnet pack src/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi.csproj -o nativeartifacts -c Release

This creates/updates nativeartifacts/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi.{version}.nupkg.

Local Feed Configuration

The repo has a NuGet.config at root that includes the local feed:

<configuration>
 <packageSources>
 <add key="local" value="./nativeartifacts" />
 <add key="nuget.org" value="https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json" />
 </packageSources>
</configuration>

Dependency Chain

Any consumer app
 → Nethereum.Wallet
 → Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi (PackageReference)
 → runtimes/win-x64/native/bls_eth.dll
 → runtimes/linux-x64/native/libbls_eth.so
 → runtimes/android-arm64/native/libbls_eth.so

Nethereum.Wallet references this package via PackageReference (not ProjectReference) so native assets flow correctly.

Native Library Locations

runtimes/
├── win-x64/native/
│ ├── bls_eth.dll
│ └── mcl.dll
├── linux-x64/native/
│ └── libbls_eth.so
└── android-arm64/native/
 └── libbls_eth.so

Building Native Libraries

Windows (x64)

Pre-built from Herumi releases or build with MSVC. Requires both bls_eth.dll and mcl.dll.

Linux (x64)

Build in WSL or Linux:

cd external/bls
make BLS_ETH=1
cp lib/libbls_eth.so /path/to/runtimes/linux-x64/native/

Android (ARM64) - Recommended Method

Use pre-compiled static libraries from bls-eth-go-binary and create a shared library:

# Step 1: Clone the release branch (contains pre-compiled static libs)
cd /tmp
git clone -b release https://github.com/herumi/bls-eth-go-binary
cd bls-eth-go-binary

# Step 2: Verify static library exists
ls -la bls/lib/android/arm64-v8a/
# Expected: libbls384_256.a

# Step 3: Set up Android NDK
export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=/path/to/android-ndk # e.g., ~/Android/Sdk/ndk/26.1.10909125
export CXX=$ANDROID_NDK_HOME/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/aarch64-linux-android21-clang++

# Step 4: Create shared library from static library
# Use -static-libstdc++ to avoid libc++_shared.so dependency
$CXX -shared -static-libstdc++ -o libbls_eth.so \
 -Wl,--whole-archive bls/lib/android/arm64-v8a/libbls384_256.a -Wl,--no-whole-archive

# Step 5: Verify no C++ runtime dependency
readelf -d libbls_eth.so | grep NEEDED
# Should only show: libm.so, libdl.so, libc.so (NO libc++_shared.so)

# Step 6: Copy to runtimes folder
cp libbls_eth.so /path/to/Nethereum/src/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi/runtimes/android-arm64/native/

Why use pre-compiled static libs?

• Built by Herumi with correct BLS_ETH=1 configuration
• COMPILED_TIME_VAR (246) is baked in at compile time
• The --whole-archive flag ensures all symbols are included

Android (ARM64) - Build from Source (Alternative)

If pre-compiled doesn't work, build from source. Important: Do NOT define MCL_FP_BIT or MCL_FR_BIT on command line - let headers set them via bn_c384_256.h.

export CC=$ANDROID_NDK_HOME/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/aarch64-linux-android21-clang
export CXX=$ANDROID_NDK_HOME/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/aarch64-linux-android21-clang++
export AR=$ANDROID_NDK_HOME/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/llvm-ar

cd external/bls

MCL_FLAGS="-O3 -DNDEBUG -DMCL_DONT_USE_XBYAK -DMCL_VINT_FIXED_BUFFER -DMCL_DONT_USE_OPENSSL -DMCL_USE_VINT -DMCL_VINT_64BIT_PORTABLE -DMCL_FP_GENERIC -DMCL_SIZEOF_UNIT=8 -fPIC"

mkdir -p obj lib mcl/obj mcl/lib

$CXX -c $MCL_FLAGS -I mcl/include -o mcl/obj/fp.o mcl/src/fp.cpp
$CXX -c $MCL_FLAGS -I mcl/include -o mcl/obj/bn_c384_256.o mcl/src/bn_c384_256.cpp
$CXX -c -DBLS_ETH=1 -DBLS_DLL_EXPORT -fvisibility=default $MCL_FLAGS -I include -I mcl/include -o obj/bls_c384_256.o src/bls_c384_256.cpp
$CXX -shared -static-libstdc++ -o lib/libbls_eth.so obj/bls_c384_256.o mcl/obj/fp.o mcl/obj/bn_c384_256.o

cp lib/libbls_eth.so /path/to/runtimes/android-arm64/native/

Checklist: After Native Library Changes

1. Copy new .dll/.so files to appropriate runtimes/<rid>/native/ folder
2. Run dotnet pack src/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi -o nativeartifacts -c Release
3. Verify package contents: unzip -l nativeartifacts/Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi.*.nupkg | grep runtimes
4. Run dotnet restore in consuming projects
5. Test on target platforms

Android Native Library Loading Architecture

On Android, .NET's DllImport("bls_eth") doesn't automatically resolve to libbls_eth.so like it does on Linux/Windows. This package uses a NativeLibrary.SetDllImportResolver to handle cross-platform library resolution.

How it works:

1. BlsNativeLibraryResolver.cs - Registered via [ModuleInitializer] when the assembly loads
2. Intercepts DllImport calls for "bls_eth"
3. Resolves to platform-specific names:
   • Android: libbls_eth.so or libbls_eth
   • Windows: bls_eth.dll
   • Linux: libbls_eth.so
   • macOS: libbls_eth.dylib

Key files:

Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi/
├── BlsNativeLibraryResolver.cs # [ModuleInitializer] - auto-registers resolver
├── bls_eth.cs # DllImport declarations (uses "bls_eth")
├── HerumiNativeBindings.cs # High-level API
├── buildTransitive/
│ └── Nethereum.Signer.Bls.Herumi.targets # Registers AndroidNativeLibrary
└── runtimes/
 ├── android-arm64/native/libbls_eth.so
 ├── linux-x64/native/libbls_eth.so
 └── win-x64/native/bls_eth.dll, mcl.dll

The buildTransitive/*.targets file ensures Android includes the native library in the APK:

<Project>
 <ItemGroup Condition="$(TargetFramework.Contains('-android'))">
 <AndroidNativeLibrary Include="...\runtimes\android-arm64\native\libbls_eth.so" Abi="arm64-v8a" />
 </ItemGroup>
</Project>

This places libbls_eth.so at lib/arm64-v8a/libbls_eth.so in the APK.

Troubleshooting

"Library not found" on Android:

• Verify libbls_eth.so is in package under runtimes/android-arm64/native/
• Check APK contains lib/arm64-v8a/libbls_eth.so: unzip -l app.apk | grep libbls_eth
• Ensure buildTransitive/*.targets is included in the NuGet package

"blsInit failed" / COMPILED_TIME_VAR mismatch:

• Library must be built with BLS_ETH=1 flag
• C# expects COMPILED_TIME_VAR=246 (BLS_ETH mode)
• If built without BLS_ETH, it expects 46 and will fail
• Use pre-compiled static libs from bls-eth-go-binary to ensure correct build

Package not found during restore:

• Ensure NuGet.config exists at repo root with local feed
• Run pack command first to create the package
• Clear NuGet cache if needed: rm -rf ~/.nuget/packages/nethereum.signer.bls.herumi

Additional Resources

• Herumi BLS Library
• BLS12-381 Specification
• Ethereum Consensus Specs
• Sync Committee Protocol
• Nethereum Documentation