Managing state when building complex tasks was quite a pain in the neck until Redux came along. Inspired by Flux an application design pattern, Redux is designed to manage the state of data in JavaScript applications. Although it’s used chiefly with React, you can use Redux with different frameworks and libraries such as jQuery, Angular, or Vue.

With a very small size, (only 2KB including dependencies), Redux ensures that each component of your application can have direct access to the state of the application without having to send props down to child components or using callback functions to send data back up to a parent.

In this post, I’m going to discuss Redux, how it’s deeply rooted in the concepts of functional programming, and how to decide if you need it in your application.

“So why do I need Redux?”

It’s only common sense not to jump on every new and shiny tool out there and include it in your project. After all, don’t components have their state? Why would you need a tool to help you manage that state?

Don’t get me wrong; React is great alone. Yes, it’s possible to write a complete application using nothing but a framework. But as your application gets more complex, with more and more components, using just a framework to manage this can get very tricky.

That’s where Redux saves the day for you; it eases the complexities that spring up in such applications. If you’ve got some experience in React, you’ll know that React’s data flow is such that parent components pass down props to child components. In a huge application with data flowing through so many components via state and props, communication tends to become error-prone and believe me — your code will become very difficult to read and even improve.

Check out the diagram below to see what I’m talking about:

In React (and other frameworks as well), communication between two components that don’t have a parent-child relationship is discouraged. React advises that if you must do this, you can build your global event system following Flux’s pattern — and that’s where Redux comes in.

With Redux, you’ve got a store where you can keep all your application state. If a state change occurs in Component A, it is then relayed to the store and other components B and C that need to be aware of this change of state in Component A can subscribe to the store:

See? It’s so much better than we imagined. If we had left our components communicating with each other, we would have created an error prone and unreadable codebase. Redux makes the story different.

Component A sends its state changes to the store, if Component B and C need this state change, they can get it from the store. Thus, our data flow logic is seamless.

Aside from its primary mission, a lot of benefits come with using Redux, I’d just like to put out there what I feel are the most important three which are:

1. Predictability of outcome

With only one source of truth present (the store), you’ve got little problems with syncing your current state with actions and other parts of the application.

2. Maintainability

Redux has strict guidelines about how code should be organized; this further ensures a predictable outcome which makes code easier to maintain.

3. Ease of testing

Writing code in Redux involves pure functions that are isolated which correlates with the golden rule of writing testable code: Write small functions that do only one thing and are independent.

Hey… You might not need Redux after all…

This may seem obvious to you, but I’ll mention it anyway. You don’t necessarily have to use Redux. Sometimes it makes more sense not to. If any of these scenarios are true for you, you probably don’t need Redux at all:

• You and your buddies (or coworkers, if you’re not really friends) have already got a pre-defined way of sharing and arranging state across components
• You’re still getting experienced with React or any other framework
• If your app is going to consist of mostly simple actions such as UI changes, these don’t really have to be a part of the Redux store and can be handled at the component level
• You don’t need to manage server side events (SSE) or websockets
• You fetch data from a single data source per view

Redux: Part by part

For a tool whose methods can be confusing for beginners at first, Redux’s library is just 2KB and the tool itself is composed of three parts: actions, stores and reducers.

Actions

Actions are simply events that are created using functions and send data from the application to the store. Data may be sent via different ways such as submitting a form, calling an API or basic user interaction. Every action in Redux has a type property that describes the type of action as well as the “payload” of information being sent to the store. Let’s see the most basic example of an action at work:

// The action
 {
 type: ADD_USER,
 payload: {
 username: ‘Chris’,
 email: ‘redux @frameworks.io’
 }
 }
 // The function that creates the action
 function signUpUser(data) {
 return {
 type: ADD_USER,
 payload: data
 }
 }

To call an action anywhere in your app, Redux employs the dispatch() method which sends actions to the Redux store to indicate a change of state:

dispatch(signUpUser(data));

Reducers

Since Redux doesn’t allow your application to make changes to the state and uses dispatch() to do that instead. dispatch() just indicates an intent to change the state, it doesn’t actually change it… that’s where Reducers come in.

Reducers are functions that take the current state of the application through a dispatched action and then return a new state. Check out the reducer below that takes the current state and an action as arguments and then returns the next state:

function handleAuth(state, action) {
 return _.assign({}, state, {
 auth: action.payload
 });
 }

When building more complex apps, it’s recommended to use Redux’s combineReducers() method. This method combines all the reducers in your app into one list of reducers where every reducer handles its part of the app’s state, and the state parameter is different for every reducer:

const indexReducer = combineReducers({
 signUp: signUp,
 editProfile: editProfile,
 makePayment: makePayment
 });

It’s also worthy to note here that Reducers should be written with pure functions. Below I’ve listed a few characteristics of such functions:

• They does not make outside network or database calls.
• Their return value(s) depends solely on the values of their parameter(s).
• Their arguments should be seen as immutable, meaning they should not be changed.

Store

The Store is like the heart of Redux. It’s that single source of truth that holds all your application’s state and provides access to the state via a few methods, dispatch actions, and register listeners. Any dispatched action returns a new state to the store via reducers. Check out this basic example of a Redux store:

import { createStore } from‘ redux’;
 let store = createStore(indexReducer);
 let signUpInfo = {
 username: ‘Chris’,
 email: ‘redux @frameworks.io’
 };
 store.dispatch(signUpUser(signUpInfo));

Functional programming and Redux

If you’re going to use Redux you should know how functional programming works. Redux was built on the principles of functional programming and understanding functional programming concepts will give you insight on how Redux operates the way it does.

Let’s walk through the key guidelines for functional programming:

• It can use pure, recursive, higher-order, closure and anonymous functions
• It can use helper functions, such as map, filter and reduce
• It can chain functions together
• It can treat functions as first-class objects
• It can pass functions as arguments
• It can control flow using functions, recursions, and arrays
• The state doesn’t change (i.e., it’s immutable)
• The order of code execution is not important

Functional programming involves writing simpler, smaller and isolated functions. By following this pattern, code maintenance, testing and debugging is made easier. Since the functions are small and isolated, that makes them reusable thus they can be copied and pasted anywhere they are needed.

This also eliminates the need to write more code, which is awesome in my opinion. When working with functional programming, it’s important to understand concepts like pure functions, anonymous functions, closures and higher order functions just to mention a few.

Summary

It’s true that Redux is a great library for managing the state of your application, it’s also true that Redux has gained a lot of traction. So what else do you need to know?

Besides being used extensively by companies like Uber and Twitter, Redux has also been implemented successfully on projects such as WordPress. Sure the argument that Redux isn’t a great fit for every application out there exists, and that’s true.

Applications that perform mainly simple actions and do not require server-side rendering probably don’t need Redux; their actions can be handled at the component level.

Either way, Redux is an awesome tool, and I think you should check it out, especially if you’re working with React.