E-Commerce and Consumer Protection in India: The Emerging Trend

• Agag, G. (2019). E-commerce ethics and its impact on buyer repurchase intentions and loyalty: An empirical study of small and medium Egyptian businesses. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3452-3.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Agag, G., & El-Masry, A. (2016). Understanding consumer intention to participate in online travel community and effects on consumer intention to purchase travel online and WOM: An integration of innovation diffusion theory and TAM with trust. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.038.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ayilyath, M. (2020). Consumer protection in E-commerce transactions in India—need for reforms,  SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3571069.

• Azamat, N., Rashad, Y., Shahriar, M., Behrang, S., & Menon, M. (2011). The evolution and development of E-commerce market and E-cash. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.859858.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bandi, C., Ngwe D., Moreno, A., & Xu Z. (2017). The effect of payment choices on online retail: Evidence from the 2016 Indian demonetization, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/19-123_ea5e9c88-8207-4aef-acb5-b206333b70dc.pdf. Accessed 15 Oct 2020.

• Belanche, D., Flavián, M., & Pérez-Rueda, A. (2020). Mobile apps use and WOM in the food delivery sector: The role of planned behavior, perceived security and customer lifestyle compatibility. Sustainability, 12(10), 4275. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104275.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Belwal, R., Al Shibli, R., & Belwal, S. (2020). Consumer protection and electronic commerce in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-09-2019-0110.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bhattacharya, S., Sanghvi, K., & Chaturvedi, A. (2020). India: E-Commerce Rules,  https://www.mondaq.com/india/dodd-frank-consumer-protection-Act/976876/e-commerce-rules-2020#:~:text=The%20Rules%20restrict%20the%20sellers,that%20represent%20an%20inaccurate%20picture. Accessed 12 Oct 2020.

• Bill, A., Tom T., & Donna, T. (2010). Chapter 2-Planning the study. In Beyond the Usability Lab, Conducting Large-scale Online User Experience Studies (pp. 17–47). ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374892-8.00002-8

• Boateng, R., Heeks, R., Molla, A., & Hinson, R. (2008). E-commerce and socio-economic development: Conceptualizing the link. Internet Research, 18, 562–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240810912783.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bolton, G., Katok, E., & Ockenfels, A. (2004). How effective are electronic reputation mechanisms? An experimental investigation. Management Science, 50(11), 1587–1602.  http://www.jstor.org/stable/30047967. Accessed 10 Dec 2020.

• Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33, 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Brian, I. S., O’Neill, B. S., & Terence, T. O. (2019). The upside of showrooming: How online information creates positive spill-over for the brick-and-mortar retailer. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 29(4), 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1671738.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 592.

• Cazier, J. A. (2007). A framework and guide for understanding the creation of consumer trust, Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 16(2). https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim/vol16/iss2/4. Accessed 14 Oct 2020.

• Chandni, G. (2017). Carving the map for a protected consumer: Establishing the need of a separate legislation for E-commerce, 6.1 NULJ, 123–138. SCC Online Web Edition. file:///E:/Downloads/Need%20for%20separate%20legislation.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2021.

• Chen, Y-.H., & Barnes, S. (2007). Initial trust and online buyer behavior. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 107(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710719034

• Chia, T. S. (2014). E-Business; The New Strategies Ande-Business Ethics, that Leads Organizations to Success, Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management, 14(8), Version 1.0. https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume14/2-E-Business-The-New-Strategies.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2020.

• Cockshott, P., & Dieterich, H. (2011). The contemporary relevance of exploitation theory. MARXISM 21(8), 206–236. https://doi.org/10.26587/marx.8.1.201102.009.

• Corbitt, B., Thanasankit, T., & Yi, H. (2003). Trust and e-commerce: a study of consumer perceptions. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4223(03)00024-3

• Cortés, P. (2010). Online dispute resolution for consumers in the European Union. In Routledge Research in IT and E-commerce Law, Routledge, London. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/181972/1/391038.pdf.

• Daniel, D.B. (2005). Inequality of bargaining power, 76 U. Colo. L. Rev. 139. https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/facpubs/107/. Accessed 17 Aug 2020.

• Dhanya, K.A. (2015). Consumer protection in the E-commerce Era. International Journal of Legal Research, 3(4):1. https://ssrn.com/abstrAct=3489753. Accessed 6 July 2020.

• Durovic, M. (2020). International consumer law: What is it all about? Journal of Consumer Policy, 43(125–143), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09438-9.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Eastlick, M., Lotz, S.L., & Warrington, P. (2006). Understanding online B-to-C relationships: An integrated model of privacy concerns, trust, and commitment. Journal of Business Research, 59, 877–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.02.006.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Edgar, T. W., & Manz, D. O. (2017). Research Methods for Cyber Security. Elsevier. ISBN:9780128129302.

• Elbeltagi, I., & Agag, G. (2016). E-retailing ethics and its impact on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention: A cultural and commitment-trust theory perspective. Internet Research, 26(1), 288–310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-10-2014-0244.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Emma, P., Sara, F., Marta, S., & Ana, G. (2017). Exploratory study of consumer issues in online peer-to-peer platform markets. European Commission.  file:///C:/Users/BASANT~1/AppData/Local/Temp/Annex5_Task5_ReportMay2017pdf.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020.

• Fang, Y., Chiu, C., & Wang, E. T. G. (2011). Understanding customers’ satisfaction and repurchase intentions: An integration of IS success model, trust, and justice. Internet Research, 21(4), 479–503. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241111158335.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Freestone, O. & V. W. Mitchell. (2004) Generation Y attitudes towards E-ethics and Internet-related Misbehaviours. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 121–128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123331. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.

• Grabner-Kraeuter, S. (2002). The role of consumers’ trust in online-shopping. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016323815802.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Harrigan, M., Feddema, K., Wang, S., Harrigan, P., & Diot, E. (2021). How trust leads to online purchase intention founded in perceived usefulness and peer communication. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1936.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Harrisson, B., Jean, P., & Dahl, B. (2017). 10 eCOMMERCE TRENDS FOR 2018. Project: Growth Strategies in an Omnichannel Retail Context. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34264.19205.

• Haupt, S. (2003). An economic analysis of consumer protection in Con-trAct law. German Law Review, 4(11), 1137–1164.  https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56330ad3e4b0733dcc0c8495/t/56b96e2f22482e110fab1f78/1454992944362/GLJ_Vol_04_No_11_Haupt.pdf. Accessed 6 Oct 2020.

• Helge, S., Anne, H., & Guido, M. (2020). The function of ability, benevolence, and integrity-based trust in innovation networks. Industry and Innovation, 27(6), 585–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1632695.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2008). Toward a model of cross-cultural business ethics: The impact of individualism and collectivism on the ethical decision-making process. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9888-8.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ibidapo-Obe, T. (2011). Online consumer protection in E-commerce transactions in Nigeria: An analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2683927.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Išoraitė, M., & Miniotienė, N. (2018). Electronic commerce: Theory and practice. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics. https://doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v2i2.78.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• ITU. (2018). Big data, machine learning, consumer protection and privacy. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/extcoop/figisymposium/2019/Documents/Presentations/Big%20data,%20Machine%20learning,%20Consumer%20protection%20and%20Privacy.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020.

• Jain, S., & Jain, S. (2018). E-commerce and competition law: Challenges and the way ahead. Indian Competition Law Review, 3, 7–32.

  Google Scholar 

• Jaipuriar, A., Khera, A., & Ganguly, S. (2020). Consumer protection (e-commerce) rules, 2020: A compliance framework in the digital market. https://www.mondaq.com/india/dodd-frank-consumer-protection-act/977768/consumer-protection-e-commerce-rules-2020-a-compliance-framework-in-the-digital-market. Accessed 22 Sept 2020.

• Kamari, F., & Kamari, S. (2012). Trust in electronic commerce: A new model for building online trust in B2C. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 126–133.

  Google Scholar 

• Kerick, F. (2019). The growth of ecommerce.  https://medium.com/swlh/the-growth-of-ecommerce-2220cf2851f3. Accessed 4 July 2020.

• Khandelwal, P. (2018). Ease of doing E-commerce business in India : The FDI policy relating to Ecommerce and its impact on the Indian economy. RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review, 20–37. https://cf9d2836-9a17-4889-b084-bc78a1bb74ee.filesusr.com/ugd/0fa0b3_d7453802d99a4dd7a20ff4b3886b1d04.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec 2020.

• Kim, D. J., Ferrin, D. L., & Rao, H. R. (2008). A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decision Support Systems, 44(2), 544–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2007.07.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kracher, B., Corritore, C. L., & Wiedenbeck, S. (2005). A foundation for understanding online trust in electronic commerce. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 3(3), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960580000267.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kumar, P., & Chandrasekar, S. (2016). E-Commerce trends and future analytics tools. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i32/98653.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lahiri, A. (2018). Consumer protection in E-commerce in India.  https://amielegal.com/consumer-protection-in-e-commerce-in-india/. Accessed 12 Oct 2020.

• Larose, R., & Rifon, Nora, J. (2007). Promoting i-safety: Effects of privacy warnings and privacy seals on risk assessment and online privacy behavior. Journal of Consumer Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00071.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lăzăroiu, G., Neguriţă, O., Grecu, I., Grecu, G., & Mitran, P. C. (2020). Consumers’ decision-making process on social commerce platforms: Online trust, perceived risk, and purchase intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 890. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00890.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lee, O. M. K., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Leonidou, L. C., Kvasova, O., Leonidou, C. N., & Chari, S. (2013). Business unethicality as an impediment to consumer trust: The moderating role of demographic and cultural characteristics. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(3), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1267-9.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lin, C., & Lekhawipat, W. (2014). Factors affecting online repurchase intention. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(4), 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2013-0432.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Liyang, H. (2019). Superior bargaining power: The good, the bad and the ugly. Asia Pacific Law Review, 27(1), 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2019.1661589.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Loannis, L., Despoina, M., Gracia, M. D., Amber, D., & d Azza R. (2019). The global governance of online consumer protection and E-commerce-building trust,  http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_consumer_protection.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2020.

• Majithia, V. (2019). The changing landscape of intermediary liability for E-commerce platforms : Emergence of a new regime. International Journal of Law and Technology, 15, 470–493..

  Google Scholar 

• Mangiaracina, R., & Perego, A. (2009). Payment systems in the B2C eCommerce: Are they a barrier for the online customer? Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14(3), 1–16..

  Google Scholar 

• MaqablehMasa’deh, M. R., Shannak, R., & Nahar, K. (2015). Perceived trust and payment methods: An empirical study of MarkaVIP company. International Journal of Communications Network and System Sciences, 8(11), 409–427. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2015.811038.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.  http://www.makinggood.ac.nz/media/1270/mayeretal_1995_organizationaltrust.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2020.

• McCoubrey, H., & White, N. D. (1999). Textbook on jurisprudence (3rd ed.). Blackstone Press Limited.

  Google Scholar 

• Mcknight, D., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). The impact of initial consumer trust on intentions to transact with a web site: A trust building model. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11, 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00020-3.

• McKinsey global institute. (2019). Digital India: Technology to transform a connected nation,  https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Digital%20India%20Technology%20to%20transform%20a%20connected%20nation/MGI-Digital-India-Report-April-2019.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2020.

• Mekovec, R., & Hutinski, Ž. (2012). The role of perceived privacy and perceived security in online market. In: Proceedings of the 35th international convention MIPRO (pp. 1549–1554). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6240857. Accessed 25 Oct 2020.

• Milan, J., Antonio, G., & Niklas, A. (2020). Exploring the growth challenge of mobile payment platforms: A business model perspective. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2019.100908.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Miyazaki, A., & Fernandez, A. N. A. (2001). Consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks for online shopping. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35, 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nandini, C. P. (2018). B2C E-commerce and consumer protection with special reference to India—ADR a best possible solution. International Journal of Consumer Law and Practice, 6, 74–87.

  Google Scholar 

• Nardal, S., & Sahin, A. (2011). Ethical issues in E-commerce on the basis of online retailing. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 190–198. https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2011.190.198.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nehf, J. (2007). Shopping for privacy on the internet. Journal of Consumer Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2007.00085_1.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nielsen. (2018). Future opportunities in FMCG E-commerce: Market drivers and five-year forecast.  https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/fmcg-eCommerce-report.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2020.

• Nielsen. (2019). Total consumer report 2019.  https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/report/2019/total-consumer-report-2019/. Accessed 14 Oct 2020.

• OECD. (2000). Guidelines for consumer protection in the context of electronic commerce. https://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/34023811.pdf. Accessed 5 Oct 2020.

• OECD. (2016). Consumer protection in E-commerce: OECD recommendation. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264255258-en.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• O’Hara, E. A. (2005). Choice of law for internet transactions: The uneasy case for online consumer protection. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153, 1883–1950.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Orendorff, A. (2019). Global ecommerce statistics and trends to launch your business beyond borders,  https://www.shopify.com/enterprise/global-ecommerce-statistics#8. Accessed 5 Oct 2020.

• Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(3), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2003.11044275.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ponte, E. B., Carvajal-Trujillo, E., & Escobar-Rodríguez, T. (2015). Influence of trust and perceived value on the intention to purchase travel online: Integrating the effects of assurance on trust antecedents. Tourism Management, 47, 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.009.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Porter, M. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. https://hbr.org/1979/03/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy. Accessed 9 Oct 2020.

• RBI. (2020). Consumer protection measures by leading e-commerce retailers: Digital payments rise manifold in 5 yrs (p. 11). The Times of India.

  Google Scholar 

• Roman, S. (2007). The ethics of online retailing: A scale development and validation from the consumers’ perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9161-y.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Roman, S., & Cuestas, P. J. (2008). The perception of consumers regarding online retailers’ ethics and their relationship with the consumers’ general internet expertise and word of mouth: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(4), 641–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9645-4.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rothchild, J. (1999). Protecting the digital consumer: The limits of cyberspace utopianism. Indiana Law Journal, 74(3). https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol74/iss3/5. Accessed 8 Oct 2020.

• Ruhl, G. (2011). Consumer protection in choice of law. Cornell International Law Journal, 44(3), 569–601. https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu. Accessed 7 July 2020.

• Rybak, A. (2019). Consumer trust in E-commerce: The case of Poland. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, 18(2), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2018-0019.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Saif, N. A. AL M. (2018). General principles of consumer protection in E-commerce trade: A comparative study between Sharia law and EU laws. Unpublished Ph.D thesis. University of Exeter. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/36623/Al-MamariS.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 10 Oct 2020.

• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. 4th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow.

• Saumure, K., & Given, L. M. (2008). Convenience sample. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 124–125). Sage Publications.

  Google Scholar 

• Sharma, G., & Lijuan, W. (2014). Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: An empirical investigation. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2013-0162.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Shirazi, F., Adam, N. A., Shanmugam, M., & Schultz, C. D. (2020). The importance of trust for electronic commerce satisfaction: An entrepreneurial perspective. British Food Journal, 123(2), 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2020-0626.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Siciliani, P., Riefa, C., & Gamper, H. (2019). Consumer theories of harm: An economic approach to consumer law enforcement and policy making. Hart Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509916887.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Singh, R. K. (2019). E-commerce in India: Opportunities and challenges, In: Proceedings of 10th international conference on digital strategies for organizational success. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315048. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.

• Sousa, V. D., Zauszniewski, J., & Musil, C. (2004). How to determine whether a convenience sample represents the population. Applied Nursing Research, 17, 130–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.03.003.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Stead, B., & Gilbert, J. (2001). Ethical issues in electronic commerce. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012266020988.

• Suh, B., & Han, I. (2003). The impact of customer trust and perception of security control on the acceptance of electronic commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7, 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2003.11044270.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Thakur, A., Shabnam, & Kaur, R. (2017). An empirical study on consumer trust in online shopping in Punjab. Indian Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2017/v47/i2/110027.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tripathi, M., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2020). Financial loss due to a data privacy breach: An empirical analysis. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 30(4), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2020.1818521.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• UNCTAD. (2017). Consumer protection in electronic commerce,  https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/cicplpd7_en.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2020.

• UNCTAD. (2019). Digital economy report 2019, value creation and capture: Implications for developing countries,  https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2019_en.pdf. Accessed 7 November 2020.

• UNCTAD. (2019). Measuring E-commerce and the digital economy,  https://unctad.org/topic/ecommerce-and-digital-economy/measuring-ecommerce-digital-economy. Accessed 11 July 2020.

• UNESAP & ADB. (2019). Embracing the E-commerce revolution in Asia and the Pacific,  https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/430401/embracing-e-commerce-revolution.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2020.

• Van Dyke, T. P., Midha, V., & Nemati, H. (2007). The effect of consumer privacy empowerment on trust and privacy concerns in E-commerce. Electronic Markets, 17(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780601136997.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Vancauteren, M., Reinsdorf, M., Veldhuizen, E., Eugene van der, P., Carsten, B., & Airaksinen, A. (2011). E-commerce. In United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Eds.), The Impact of Globalization on National Accounts (pp 249–261). https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/groups/wggna/GuideByChapters/Chapter_13.pdf. Accessed 7 Oct 2020.

• Wajeeha, A., Annas, H., & Kashif, F. (2019). Underlying factors influencing consumers’ trust and loyalty in E-commerce, Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533719887451.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wang, X., Tajvidi, M., Lin, X., & Hajli, N. (2019). Towards an ethical and trustworthy social commerce community for brand value Co-creation: A trust-commitment perspective. Journal of Business Ethics Issue, 167, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04182-z.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• World Economic Forum. (2019). The global governance of online consumer protection and e-commerce building trust, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_consumer_protection.pdf. Accessed 9 Oct 2020.

• Xiaodong, Q., & Min, L. (2020). E-commerce user type recognition based on access sequence similarity, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 30(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2020.1742552.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yang, Z., Van Ngo, Q., Chen, Y., Nguyen, C. X. -T., & Hoang, H. T. (2019). Does ethics perception foster consumer repurchase intention? Role of trust, perceived uncertainty, and shopping habit. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019848844.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Young, L. C., & Wilkinson, I. F. (1989). The role of trust and co-operation in marketing channels: A preliminary study. European Journal of Marketing, 23(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000000550.

• Zikmund, W. G. (2000). Business Research Methods. 6th Edition, The Dryden Press, Fort Worth.

• Zuhal, H. (2019). The gamut of E-commerce: Between online fraud and trust towards technology among generation Y. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 830–836. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01. Accessed 27 Nov 2020.

Download references