Defaults, Framing and Privacy: Why Opting In-Opting Out¹

• Baron, Jonathan, and Ilana Ritov. (1994). ''Reference Points and Omission Bias,'' Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 59(3), 475–498.

  Google Scholar 

• Baron, Reuben M., and David A. Kenny. (1986). ''The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,'' Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

  Google Scholar 

• Chapman, Gretchen B., and Eric J. Johnson. (1999). ''Anchoring, Activation, and the Construction of Values,'' Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 79(2), 115-153.

• European Union. (1995). ''Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24, October, 1995, on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data.''

• Fischhoff, Baruch. (1991). ''Value Elicitation: Is there Anything in there?,'' American Psychologist, 46(8), 835–847.

  Google Scholar 

• Godin, Seth, and Don Peppers. (1999). Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers Into Friends, and Friends into Customers. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  Google Scholar 

• Hoffman, Donna, Thomas Novak, and Marcos Peralta. (1999). ''Building Consumer Trust Online,'' Communications of the ACM, 43, 80–85.

  Google Scholar 

• Houston, David A., Steven J. Sherman, and Sara M. Baker. (1989). ''The Influence of Unique Features and Direction of Comparison on Preferences,'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25(2), 121–141.

  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, Eric J., John Hershey, Jacqueline Meszaros, and Howard Kunreuther. (1993). ''Framing, Probability Distortions, and Insurance Decisions,'' Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 7, 35–51.

  Google Scholar 

• Kahneman, Daniel. (1999). ''Objective Happiness.'' In Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener and Norbert Schwarz (eds.), Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, New York, NY, USA: Russell Sage Foundation.

  Google Scholar 

• Kahneman, Daniel, Ilana Ritov, Karen E. Jacowitz, and Paul Grant. (1993). ''Stated Willingness to Pay for Public Goods: A Psychological Perspective,'' Psychological Science, 4(5), 310–315.

  Google Scholar 

• Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. (1984). ''Choices, Values, and Frames,'' American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–50.

  Google Scholar 

• Lohse, Gerald L., Steven Bellman, and Eric J. Johnson. (2000). ''Consumer Buying Behavior on the Internet: Findings from Panel Data,'' Journal of Interactive Marketing, 14, 15–29.

  Google Scholar 

• Madrian B. C., and D. Shea. (2001). ''The Power of Suggestion: Inertia 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior,'' Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 116(4) Nov. 2001, pp 1149–1187.

  Google Scholar 

• Payne, John W, James R. Bettman, and Eric J. Johnson. (1992). ''Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective,'' Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 87–131.

  Google Scholar 

• Samuelson, William, and Richard Zeckhauser. (1988). ''Status Quo Bias in Decision-Making,'' Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, 7-59.

  Google Scholar 

• Schweitzer, Maurice. (1994). ''Disentangling Status Quo and Omission Effects: An Experimental Analysis,'' Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 58(3), 457–476.

  Google Scholar 

• Schweitzer, Maurice. (1995). ''Multiple Reference Points, Framing, and the Status Quo Bias in Health Care Financing Decisions,'' Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 63(1), 69–72.

  Google Scholar 

• Slovic, Paul. (1995). ''The Construction of Preference,'' American Psychologist, 50(5), 364–371.

  Google Scholar 

• Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. (1987). ''Rational choice and the framing of decisions.'' In Robin M. Reder and Melvin W. Hogarth (eds.), Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.

  Google Scholar 

Download references