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Voiced alveolar lateral flap

IPA number 181

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) ɺ

Unicode (hex) U+027A

X-SAMPA l\

Braille

👁 ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)
👁 ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)

Image
👁 Image

Voiced postalveolar lateral flap
ɺ̠
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A voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, found in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between [d] and [l]^[1]^[2] or between [r] and [l]^[3]^[4] until 1979, when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.^[5]

Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.^[6]

Additionally, some languages have a voiced postalveolar lateral flap, which can be transcribed in the IPA with the retracted diacritic, such as ⟨ɺ̠⟩.

Features

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Features of a voiced alveolar lateral flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Alveolar

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Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Baniwa^[7]	riwadzore	[ɺiwa'dzoɺe]	'ember'	Varies a median flap, but is lateral in careful pronunciation.^[7]
Chaga (Vunjo dialect)^[8]	iraa	[iɺaa]	'to dress oneself'	Contrasts with /l̪/
Iwaidja	ayanjildin^[9]	[ajanɟiɺin]	'sweetheart'	Contrasts /l,ɺ,ɭ ,ɭ̆ / and possibly /ʎ,ʎ̮/.
Japanese^[10]	六 roku	[ɺo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]	'six'	Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology
Japanese^[10]	心 kokoro	[ko̞ko̞ɺo̞]	'heart'	Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology
Kasua^[11]	hilila	[hiɺiɺɑ]	'heavy'	Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.^[11]
Wayuu	püülükü	[pɨːɺɨkɨ]	'pig'	Contrasts with /r/.
Yalë^[12]	Yalë	[jaɺɛ]	'Yalë'	In free variation with [d]; written as ⟨d⟩ or ⟨l⟩.

Postalveolar

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis		ꞌuꞌul	[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]	'fog'	Has a vowel-like release when word final.^[13]
Norwegian	Trøndersk^[14]	glas	[ˈɡɺ̠ɑːs]	'glass'	Also described as central [ɽ].^[15] See Norwegian phonology

Notes

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^ Association phonétique internationale (1928).
^ International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
^ Association phonétique internationale (1932).
^ Association phonétique internationale (1952).
^ International Phonetic Association (1978).
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
^ ^a ^b Souza (2012), p. 78.
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 210-211.
^ "Mood and Character". ausil.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
^ ^a ^b Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
^ Aannested, Aidan. (2020). "Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data". SIL International.
^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
^ Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, p. 155, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
^ Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1 (2010), Novus forlag: 3–44

References

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Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 6 (23): 51–53. JSTOR 44704266.
Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 10 (37). Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
International Phonetic Association (1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 27 (91). Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Souza, Erick Marcelo Lima de (2012). Estudo fonológico da Língua Baniwa-Kuripako (Master's dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.898354. hdl:20.500.12733/1619268.

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ	n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d	ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ	ʔ
Sibilant affricate	t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v	t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔	cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative	s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant	β̞	ʋ	ð̞	ɹ	ɹ̠	ɻ	j	ɰ	˷
Tap/flap	ⱱ̟	ⱱ	ɾ̥	ɾ	ɽ̊	ɽ	ɢ̆	ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ	r̥	r	r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr	ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate	tɬ	dɮ	tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative	ɬ̪	ɬ	ɮ	ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant	l̪	l̥	l	l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ	ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap	ɺ̥	𝼈̊	𝼈	ʎ̮	ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ	ɗ	ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥	ɗ̥	ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ	tʼ	ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate	p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate	tɬʼ	c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative	ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ	kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ	k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ	ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ	ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ	ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ	ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral	kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral	ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral	ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
Bidental percussive [ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	👁 Image i 👁 • y	ɨ 👁 • ʉ	ɯ 👁 • u
Near-close	ɪ 👁 • ʏ	👁 • ʊ
Close-mid	e 👁 • ø	ɘ 👁 • ɵ	ɤ 👁 • o
Mid	e̞ 👁 • ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ 👁 • o̞
Open-mid	ɛ 👁 • œ	ɜ 👁 • ɞ	ʌ 👁 • ɔ
Near-open	æ 👁 •	ɐ
Open	a 👁 • ɶ	ä 👁 •	ɑ 👁 • ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

v t e The letter R
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥] Voiced alveolar trill [r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap [ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill [ɽr] Voiced velar approximant [ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative [x] Voiced velar fricative [ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill [ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative [χ] Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative [h] Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)

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⇱ Voiced alveolar lateral flap - Wikipedia

Features

Occurrence

Alveolar

Postalveolar

See also

Notes

References

External links