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⇱ FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Chro

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FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Chro
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Chromator
Annotation Symbol
CG10712
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0044324
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Chromator (Chro) encodes a chromodomain protein that is required for proper microtubule spindle formation. It is important for normal cell cycle progression, functioning as a spatial regulator of cell cycle factors. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Chriz, Chro(Chriz)

Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:22873702..22878984
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His1; FB:FBgn0001195
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:A1Z8P9
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000517042
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in metamorphosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000517042
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centrosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in spindle
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000517042
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Chromator (Chro) encodes a chromodomain protein that is required for proper microtubule spindle formation. It is important for normal cell cycle progression, functioning as a spatial regulator of cell cycle factors. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08]
(Alliance, FBgn0044324 )
Summary (Interactive Fly)

chromodomain protein that contributes to the maintenance of polytene chromosome morphology - a component of spindle matrix that contributes to microtubule spindle dynamics and proper chromosome segregation during mitosis

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Chro for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q86BS3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0078570
3871
926
FBtr0078568
3840
926
FBtr0078569
3771
926
FBtr0332053
3915
926
FBtr0346095
4056
926
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0078221
101.1
926
7.17
FBpp0078219
101.1
926
7.17
FBpp0078220
101.1
926
7.17
FBpp0304363
101.1
926
7.17
FBpp0311928
101.1
926
7.17
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

926 aa isoforms: Chro-PA, Chro-PB, Chro-PC, Chro-PD, Chro-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Chro using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.44

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centrosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in spindle
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Chro in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
Chro
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 21 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Chro
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Chro
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Chro. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3L
Recombination map
3-47
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
80B1-80B2
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j1B10j1B10 and P{lacW}l(3)j2C4j2C4
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (18)
Genomic Clones (13)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (130)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
Commercially Available Antibodies
Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
Other Stable Cell Lines

  • New stable cell line derived from S2-ThermoFischer : The following derivative cell lines were generated: Parental OsTir-expressing S2 cell line, Trf2 C-terminally-tagged AID S2 cell line, Tbp-N-terminally-tagged AID S2 cell line, Dref-N-terminally-tagged AID S2 cell line, TfIIA-L-C-terminally-tagged AID S2 cell line, Chro-N-terminally-tagged AID S2 cell line.

Other Comments

Chro acts to promote histolysis of larval muscles during metamorphosis.

Identification: in a yeast two hybrid screen for proteins that interact with Skeletor protein.

Chro directly or indirectly interacts with microtubules.

Skeletor and Chro are nuclear proteins that may be part of a complex that forms a spindle matrix during mitosis.

Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: CG10712 anon- EST:fe2E3

Additional comments
Nomenclature History
Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: Chro CG10712

Nomenclature comments
Etymology
Synonyms and Secondary IDs (18)
Reported As
Symbol Synonym
Chro
(Gujar and Wang, 2025, Osadchiy et al., 2025, Warecki et al., 2025, Tang et al., 2023, Yheskel et al., 2023, Kaushal et al., 2022, McCarthy et al., 2022, Messina et al., 2022, Repton et al., 2022, Chetverina et al., 2021, Makki and Meller, 2021, Peterson et al., 2021, Wolfe et al., 2021, Ding et al., 2020, Mazina et al., 2020, Zhao et al., 2020, Archambault, 2019.12.8, Haberle et al., 2019, Mannix et al., 2019, Matthews and White, 2019, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Kuleesha et al., 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Comoglio and Paro, 2014, Liang et al., 2014, Yao et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Schaaf et al., 2013, Antao et al., 2012, Azad et al., 2012, Follmer et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Larschan et al., 2012, Takács et al., 2012, Yao et al., 2012, Friedman et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Ding et al., 2009, Doheny et al., 2008, Wasser et al., 2007, Rath et al., 2006, Liebl and Featherstone, 2005)
anon-EST:fe2E3
Name Synonyms
Chromator
(Golovnin et al., 2023, Kyrchanova et al., 2023, Messina et al., 2023, Erokhin et al., 2021, Melnikova et al., 2020, Rozenwald et al., 2020, Pal et al., 2019, Mourad and Cuvier, 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Yao et al., 2018, Cubeñas-Potts et al., 2017, Heseding et al., 2017, Li et al., 2017, Mourad et al., 2017, Duarte et al., 2016, Ulianov et al., 2016, Li et al., 2015, Maksimenko et al., 2015, Comoglio and Paro, 2014, Golovnin et al., 2014, Nakayama et al., 2014, Van Bortle et al., 2014, Vogelmann et al., 2014, Schaaf et al., 2013, Azad et al., 2012, Feller et al., 2012, Van Bortle et al., 2012, Yao et al., 2012, Yao et al., 2012, Kharchenko et al., 2011, Prestel et al., 2010, Raja et al., 2010, Ding et al., 2009, Johansen and Johansen, 2009, Bao et al., 2008, Wasser et al., 2007, Mendjan et al., 2006, Rath et al., 2006, Ji et al., 2005, Rath et al., 2004, Johansen, 2003.4.23, Johansen et al., 2001)
Chromo domain protein interacting with Z4
Chromobox protein interacting with Z4
anon-fast-evolving-2E3
Secondary FlyBase IDs
  • FBgn0025218
  • FBgn0037201
Datasets (2)
Study focus (2)
Experimental Role
Project
Project Type
Title
  • bait_protein
Genome-wide localization of chromosomal proteins in cell lines by ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq.
  • bait_protein
Genome-wide localization of chromosomal proteins in fly tissues by ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq.
Study result (0)
Result
Result Type
Title
External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 58 )
Sequence Crossreferences
NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
Other crossreferences
AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
References (187)