Below 128, the 18 powerful numbers {1,4,8,9,16,25,...,100,108,121,125,128} can be found, so a(7)=18.
MATHEMATICA
nn = 41; s = Union@ Flatten@ Table[a^2*b^3, {b, (2^nn)^(1/3)}, {a, Sqrt[(2^nn)/b^3]}]; Table[FirstPosition[s, 2^k][[1]], {k, 2, nn}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Oct 29 2023 *)
PROG
(PARI) a(n) = my(s=0, N=2^n); forsquarefree(k=1, sqrtnint(N, 3), s += sqrtint(N\k[1]^3)); s; \\ Daniel Suteu, Feb 18 2020