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VOOZH | about |
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VOOZH | about |
| Description | Macraucheniidae is a family in the extinct South American ungulate order Litopterna, that resembled various camelids. The reduced nasal bones of their skulls was originally suggested to have housed a small proboscis, similar to that of the saiga antelope. However, one study suggests that they were openings for large moose-like nostrils. Their hooves were similar to those of rhinoceroses today, with a simple ankle joint and three digits on each foot. Thus, they may have been capable of rapid directional change when running away from predators, such as large phorusrhacid terror birds, sparassodont metatherians, giant short-faced bears (Arctotherium) and saber-toothed cats (Smilodon). Macraucheniids probably lived in large herds to gain protection against these predators, as well as to facilitate finding mates for reproduction. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source Data |
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| Rank | family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Macraucheniidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Litopterna : Macraucheniidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Scientific Name | Macraucheniidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 65 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 3 (4.6%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 59.0 - 57.0 Ma Paleocene | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment | terrestrial (based on Eutheria) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | herbivore (based on Litopterna) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | F. Ameghino. 1889. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic]. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6:xxxii-1027 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraucheniidae |
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Cramaucheniinae ✝ subfamily | listed (PBDB) | 35 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 13.8 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Macraucheniinae subfamily | listed (PBDB) | 28 | 16.3 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| 👁 Image Polymorphinae ✝ subfamily | listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Adianthus ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 16.3 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Adiantoides ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 42.0 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Amilnedwardsia ✝ genus | listed (PBDB) | 1 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 48.6 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Coelosoma ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Coniopternium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 5 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Cramauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 5 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 21.0 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Cullinia ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Amilnedwardsia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 48.6 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Llullataruca ✝ genus | listed (PBDB) | 3 | 15.5 Ma Miocene | 13.8 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Macrauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 49 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0.13 Ma Pleistocene | |
| 👁 Image Macraucheniopsis ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 0.78 Ma Pleistocene | 0.13 Ma Pleistocene | |
| 👁 Image Macrauchenopsis ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 0.78 Ma Pleistocene | 0.78 Ma Pleistocene | |
| 👁 Image Notodiaphorus ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Oxyodontherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 3.60 Ma Pliocene | |
| 👁 Image Paramacrauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 20.4 Ma Miocene | 20.4 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Paranauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Phoenixauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 16.3 Ma Miocene | 16.3 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Promacrauchenia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 19 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 3.60 Ma Pliocene | |
| 👁 Image Pseudomacrauchenia ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 1.20 Ma Pleistocene | 1.20 Ma Pleistocene | |
| 👁 Image Rutimeyeria ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 48.6 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Scalabrinitherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 3 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Theosodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 27 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 13.8 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Victorlemoineia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 10 | 59.0 Ma Paleocene | 41.3 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Xenorhinotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 3 | 2.59 Ma Pleistocene | 0.13 Ma Pleistocene |
| Name | Source | Taxon Rank | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macrauchenidae | GBIF | family | Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Macrauchenidae |
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1881 | Macraucheniidae Cope p. 398 |
| 1885 | Macraucheniidae Ameghino p. 82 |
| 1889 | Macrauchenidae Ameghino p. 523 |
| 1889 | Macraucheniidae Ameghino p. 523 |
| 1889 | Macraucheniidae Cope p. 876 |
| 1891 | Macraucheniidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1894 | Macraucheniidae Lydekker p. 62 |
| 1910 | Macraucheniidae Gregory p. 466 |
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1911 | Macrauchenidae Jaekel p. 245 |
| 1934 | Macrauchenidae Rusconi p. 24 |
| 1948 | Macraucheniidae Simpson |
| 1952 | Macraucheniidae Paula Couto |
| 1983 | Macraucheniidae Cifelli |
| 1988 | Macraucheniidae Carroll |
| 1993 | Macraucheniidae MacFadden et al. p. 235 |
| 2009 | Macraucheniidae Shockey et al. |
| Ameghino F. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic], Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6, xxxii-1027 |
| Cope E. D. The systematic arrangement of the Order Perissodactyla, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19 108, 377-401 |
| Ameghino F. Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles Oligocenos recogidos por el Profesor Pedro Scalabrini y pertenecientes al Museo Provincial de la ciudad del Parana [New remains of Oligocene fossil mammals collected by Professor Pedro Scalabrini and belonging to the Provincial Museum of the city of Parana], Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias 8, 1-205 |
| Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29 |
| Lydekker R. Contributions to a knowledge of the Fossil Vertebrates of Argentina. III - A study of extinct argentine ungulates, Anales del Museo de La Plata. Paleontología Argentina 2 3, 1-86 |
| Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524 |
| Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252 |
| Rusconi C. (1934) Tercera noticia sobre los vertebrados fosiles de las Arenas Puelchenses de Villa Ballester, Anales de la Socieded Cientifica Argentina 117, 19-37 |
| Simpson G. G. (1948) The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part I, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 91, 1-232 |
| Paula Couto C. d. (1952) Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata, and Astrapotheria, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 99 6, 355-394 |
| Cifelli R. (1983) The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia), American Museum Novitates 2772, 1-49 |
| Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698 |
| MacFadden B. J., Anaya F., et al (1993) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Inchasi: a Pliocene mammal-bearing locality from the Bolivian Andes deposited just before the Great American Interchange, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114 2-3, 229-241 |
| Shockey B. J., Gismondi R. S., et al (2009) Paleontology and geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Peru, American Museum Novitates 3668, 1-24 doi:10.1206/662.1 |
| Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
