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URL: https://huji.academia.edu/BBrown/Books

โ‡ฑ Benjamin Brown - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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Books by Benjamin Brown

Philosophia Verlag, Munich, 2025
The Foundations of Rational Metaphysics systematically explores the building blocks of the world... more The Foundations of Rational Metaphysics systematically explores the building blocks of the world through two conceptual layers: First Metaphysic and Second Metaphysic.
The First Metaphysic investigates the principles underlying any world conceived as a unity of many beings. It analyzes the fundamental concepts that allow us to partition the world into distinct objects. Closely aligned with formal logic, this layer advances new theories of predication, negation, quantification, and more. It also introduces the arch-theory of manifolds, offering a unified foundation for mereology, collection theory, and set theory. These inquiries culminate in a novel logical systemโ€”Concept Calculusโ€”that departs sharply from standard Predicate Calculus. This system articulates eight foundational concepts of any possible world and identifies the First Partitioner of being.
The Second Metaphysic examines the principles of our world as mediated by our basic cognitive tools. It proposes four ontological spheresโ€”thought, language, reality, and noumenaโ€”and analyzes their interrelations through key epistemological and ontological concepts, including a proof of the external worldโ€™s existence. This yields twenty-four foundational concepts specific to our world.
Together, these two metaphysical layers constitute a comprehensive philosophical frameworkโ€”rare in contemporary thoughtโ€”built on original logical and analytical foundations.
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื‘-ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ... more ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื‘-ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื”"ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื"  ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื’ื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื”"ืงื˜ื ื™ื", ืฉืœืžืจื•ืชื ืกืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ: ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

https://www.magnespress.co.il/book/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-8753
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111359052/html#overview, 2024
Hasidic groups have myriad customs. While ordinary Jewish law (halakhah) denotes the โ€œbar of holi... more Hasidic groups have myriad customs. While ordinary Jewish law (halakhah) denotes the โ€œbar of holinessโ€ mandated for the ordinary Jew, these customs represent the higher threshold expected of Hasidim, intended to justify their title as hasidim (โ€œpiousโ€). How did the hasidic masters perceive the enactment of these new norms at a time in which the halakhah had already been solidified? How did they explain the normative power of these customs over communities and individuals, and how did they justify customs that diverged from the positive halakhah? This book analyzes the answers given by nineteenth-century hasidic authors. It then examines a test case: kedushah (โ€œholinessโ€), or sexual abstinence among married men, a particularly restrictive norm enacted by several twentieth-century hasidic groups. Through the use of theoretical tools and historical contextualization, the book elucidates the normative circles of hasidic life, their religious and social sources and their interrelations.
Vector-Images / Background texture by geralt To Assaf, "my firstborn, my might, and the beginning... more Vector-Images / Background texture by geralt To Assaf, "my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power", with tremendous love and deep appreciation. Contents Introduction vii
ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ- ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช (ืฉืขืจ, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ื—ืจ ืคืจืงื™ื) A Society in Motion: Structures and Processes in Ultra-Orthodox Judaism, 2021
https://www.idi.org.il/books/34149 ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื... more https://www.idi.org.il/books/34149

ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื: ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืจืช ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื“ืชื™ืช ืฆืคื” ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื›ืžื’ื–ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™-ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืจื‘ ืœื ืื—ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช: ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™. ื›ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืจืง 'ื‘ื™ื“ืขื‘ื“', ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื 'ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”', ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืคืœื˜ ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื“. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื—ืจืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ.
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืจืง 'ืœื”ื'. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื 'ืืฆืœื' ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืคืจืง, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืชืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืจื•ื›ื–, ื”ืžืœื›ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”. ืืช ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ 'ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช' ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื”ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”, ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืงืคื•ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื›ืงื•ื“ืžื•, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืฉืคื” ืงื•ืœื—ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
When Judaism Meets the State ื›ืฉื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”
Yedioth Ahronont Books - Chemed Books & The Israel Democracy Institute, 2015
ื›ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช - ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื, 2018
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ... more ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื” 'ื™ื ื•ืงื', ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื™ืœื“, ื•ืืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื  ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื“ื” ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื. ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื• ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™  ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืคืœื’ื™ื”, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื“ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื›ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช: ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื: ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื,  ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื”, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช.
ื›ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช - ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื, 2018
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ... more ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื” 'ื™ื ื•ืงื', ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื™ืœื“, ื•ืืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื  ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื“ื” ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื. ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื• ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™  ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืคืœื’ื™ื”, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื“ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื›ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช: ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื: ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื,  ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื”, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช.
THOUGHTS AND WAYS OF THINKING: SOURCE THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS (philosophy; English)
The full book is accessible at: https://www.ubiquitypress.com/site/books/10.5334/bbh/ Why d... more The full book is accessible at:
https://www.ubiquitypress.com/site/books/10.5334/bbh/


Why do we think differently from one another? Why do religious people adhere to their faith even against reason, whilst atheist thinkers label it "nonsense"? Why do some judges turn more to moral values and others less? Why do we attach different meanings to the same words? These questions can be tackled on psychological or sociological levels, but we can also analyze the subjects on the epistemological level. That is the purpose of this book.
Thoughts and Ways of Thinking offers Source Theory as a single explanation for epistemic processes and their religious, legal and linguistic derivatives. The idea is simple: our senses, our understanding, our memory, the testimonies that we trust and many other objects transmit data to us and so shape our beliefs. In this function they serve as our truth sources.  Different beliefs stem from different sources or different hierarchies between same sources. This notion is formalized here through Source Calculus, and, after balancing its relativistic consequences by adding pragmatic constraints, it is applied to the philosophies of religion, law and language. With this unified theory, old doubts are framed in new perspectives, and some of them even find their solution.
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช: ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื https://www.idi.org.il/books/17580, 2017
https://www.idi.org.il/books/17580 ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžืงื•ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ... more https://www.idi.org.il/books/17580
ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžืงื•ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืžืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื”
ื›ื›ืช ื•ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืงืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื; ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืื•ื“; ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืœื ื—ืจื“ื™ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืคื•ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืชื›ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ืขื•ืžืง. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืดืžืคืชืด ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืœืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€” ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื“ื™ื - ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•: ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืœืฆื‘ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืงืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช โ€” ืืš ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืฉ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืžื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืฉืคื” ืงื•ืœื—ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืงื•ื“ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื”, ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.

ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“:
http://www.am-oved.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA

ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”:
https://www.idi.org.il/books/17580
ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช - ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•... more ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”'ื™ืจืื”', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืจื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช - ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ื”ื›ืขืก, ื”ืงื ืื”, ื”ืชืื•ื•ื”, ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ืŸ - ื•ืœื˜ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, 'ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”', ื”ืกืชืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื˜, ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืงืœืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื, ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื”ื—ืœ ืžื–ืจื ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื“ื•ืง ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”"ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™", ืฉื—ื™ื ืš ืœื—ืฉื“-ืขืฆืžื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื–ืจื ืกืœื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”"ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™", ืฉื˜ื™ืคื— ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” - ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21, ืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ:
https://he.player.fm/series/series-1869379
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื - ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื”... more ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื - ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื•
The Gdoilim - Leaders Who Shaped Haredi Jewry
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ื”ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื”ื; ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืคืืจืช ืื•ืชื; ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ืžืœื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื 'ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”'ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื'. ืžื™ื”ื ืื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื”, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•? ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœื ื•ืžื” ืกื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื?

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”'ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ' ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ. ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืจื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื• ืขื“ ืขืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื—ืช ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’ ืื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ืžื ื, ืžืงื•ืžื ื•ืงื”ืœื, ืืš ื’ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช.


ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืžื ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช. ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืกื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื“"ืจ ื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.

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