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Scandium,21Sc
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Scandium
Pronunciation/ˈskændiəm/​(SKAN-dee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sc)
44.955908(5)[1]
Scandium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
 –
↑
Sc
↓
Y
calcium ← scandium → titanium
Atomic number (Z)21
Groupgroup3
Periodperiod4
Block d-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase atSTPsolid
Melting point1814K​(1541°C,​2806°F)
Boiling point3109K​(2836°C,​5136°F)
Density(nearr.t.)2.985g/cm3
whenliquid (atm.p.)2.80g/cm3
Heat of fusion14.1kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization332.7kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.52J/(mol·K)
Vaporpressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
atT(K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states0,[2] +1,[3] +2,[4] +3 (anamphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPaulingscale: 1.36
Ionization energies
  • 1st:633.1kJ/mol
  • 2nd:1235.0kJ/mol
  • 3rd:2388.6kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical:162pm
Covalent radius170±7pm
Van der Waals radius211pm
👁 Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of scandium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure​hexagonalclose-packed (hcp)
Thermal expansionα, poly: 10.2µm/(m⋅K)(at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity15.8W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivityα, poly: 562nΩ⋅m(at r.t., calculated)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility+315.0×10−6cm3/mol(292K)[5]
Young's modulus74.4GPa
Shear modulus29.1GPa
Bulk modulus56.6GPa
Poisson ratio0.279
Brinell hardness736–1200MPa
CAS Number7440-20-2
History
Namingafter Scandinavia
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev(1871)
Discovery and first isolationLars Fredrik Nilson(1879)
Isotopes of scandium
Main isotopes[6] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
44m2Sc synth 58.61h IT 44Sc
γ 44Sc
ε 44Ca
45Sc 100% stable
46Sc synth 83.79d β− 46Ti
γ –
47Sc synth 80.38h β− 47Ti
γ –
48Sc synth 43.67h β− 48Ti
γ –
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Category: Scandium
|references

Scandium is chemical element. Its symbol is Sc. It has an atomic number of 21 on the periodic table.

Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. It is also a rare earth metal. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth. Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive. The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen. The metal turns from shiny to gray.

Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us. It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. These lamps are used to light stadiums.

Related pages

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References

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  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Scandium". CIAAW. 2013.
  2. ↑ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
  3. ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID96908213.
  4. ↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
  5. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.E110. ISBN0-8493-0464-4.
  6. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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