VOOZH about

URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/introduction-to-jdbc/

⇱ JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) - GeeksforGeeks

  • Courses
  • Tutorials
  • Interview Prep

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

Last Updated : 2 Jan, 2026

JDBC is an API that helps applications to communicate with databases. It allows Java programs to connect to a database, run queries, retrieve and manipulate data. Because of JDBC, Java applications can easily work with different relational databases like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL and more.

JDBC Architecture

👁 JDBC-Architecture
JDBC Architecture

Components of JDBC

1. Application: It can be a Java application or servlet that communicates with a data source.

2. JDBC API: It allows Java programs to execute SQL queries and get results from the database. Some key components of JDBC API include

  • Interfaces like Driver, ResultSet, RowSet, PreparedStatement and Connection that helps managing different database tasks.
  • Classes like DriverManager, Types, Blob and Clob that helps managing database connections.

3. DriverManager: It plays an important role in the JDBC architecture. It uses some database-specific drivers to effectively connect enterprise applications to databases.

4. JDBC drivers: These drivers handle interactions between the application and the database.

JDBC Processing Models

The JDBC architecture consists of two-tier and three-tier processing models to access a database. They are as described below:  

1. Two-Tier Architecture

A Java Application communicates directly with the database using a JDBC driver. It sends queries to the database and then the result is sent back to the application. For example, in a client/server setup, the user's system acts as a client that communicates with a remote database server.

Structure:

Client Application (Java) -> JDBC Driver -> Database

2. Three-Tier Architecture

In this, user queries are sent to a middle-tier services, which interacts with the database. The database results are processed by the middle tier and then sent back to the user.

Structure:

Client Application -> Application Server -> JDBC Driver -> Database

JDBC Drivers

JDBC drivers are client-side adapters (installed on the client machine, not on the server) that convert requests from Java programs to a protocol that the DBMS can understand. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

  1. Type-1 driver or JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
  2. Type-2 driver or Native-API driver (partially java driver)
  3. Type-3 driver or Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
  4. Type-4 driver or Thin driver (fully java driver) - It is a widely used driver. The older drivers like (JDBC-ODBC) bridge driver have been deprecated and no longer supported in modern versions of Java.

JDBC Classes and Interfaces

Class/Interfaces

Description

DriverManagerManages JDBC drivers and establishes database connections.
ConnectionRepresents a session with a specific database.
StatementUsed to execute static SQL queries.
PreparedStatementPrecompiled SQL statement, used for dynamic queries with parameters.
CallableStatementUsed to execute stored procedures in the database.
ResultSetRepresents the result set of a query, allowing navigation through the rows.
SQLExceptionHandles SQL-related exceptions during database operations.

Related Article

Comment
Article Tags: