Named in honor of James Apjohn (1 September 1796, Ireland - 3 June 1886, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland), Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. His birthplace is listed from different sources as Granard, Co. Longford and Sunville, Pallasgrean, Co. Limerick. He made contributions in the areas of chemistry, electricity, and mineralogy, and first described this mineral.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maputo Bay, Maputo, Maputo Province, Mozambique

Halotrichite Group

At least a partial (and probably a complete ?) series toward Apjohnite exists from Pickeringite and Halotrichite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

281

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:281:9

IMA Classification of ApjohniteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1838

Type description reference:

Glocker, Ernst Friedrich (1847) Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens [A synopsis of the genera and species of minerals, according to their natural orders, including the names of all the minerals that have yet been discovered.]. Eduardus Anton. 348 pp. pp.288-304

Classification of ApjohniteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

7.CB.85

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H₂O
B : With only medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

29.7.3.3

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB₂(XO₄)₄·H₂O

Hey's CIM Ref.:

25.9.7

25 : Sulphates
9 : Sulphates of Mn

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Apj	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of ApjohniteHide

Lustre:

Silky

Transparency:

Transparent, Translucent

Comment:

In aggregates

Colour:

Colourless, white, light pink, light yellow, light green

Streak:

White

Hardness:

1½ - 2 on Mohs scale

Density:

1.78 - 1.81 g/cm³ (Measured) 1.836 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of ApjohniteHide

Type:

Biaxial (-)

RI values:

n_α = 1.478 n_β = 1.482 n_γ = 1.482

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.004
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Dispersion:

none

Optical Extinction:

Y = b; Z ∧ c = 30°.

Chemistry of ApjohniteHide

Mindat Formula:

Mn²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	68.351 %
S	14.420 %
Mn	6.176 %
Al	6.067 %
H	4.986 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Al, H, Mn, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ApjohniteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Space Group:

P2₁/b

Setting:

P2₁/c

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.19 Å, b = 24.34 Å, c = 21.26 Å
β = 100.28°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.254 : 1 : 0.873

Unit Cell V:

3,151.71 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals acicular aggregated into masses and crusts; also asbestiform.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0014465	Apjohnite	Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1976) The halotrichite group: The crystal structure of apjohnite Mineralogical Magazine 40 599-608	👁 Image	1976	Terlano, Bolzano, Italy	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.515 Å	(100)
4.82 Å	(90)
3.792 Å	(33)
4.33 Å	(27b)
3.967 Å	(23)
4.13 Å	(22)
6.07 Å	(20)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals

Type Occurrence of ApjohniteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maputo Bay, Maputo, Maputo Province, Mozambique

General Appearance of Type Material:

Transparent threads or fibers, resembling satin-spar.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

No designated type material.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Efflorescences.

Reference:

Synonyms of ApjohniteHide

Manganese Alum (in part)

Other Language Names for ApjohniteHide

Dutch:Apjohniet

French:Apjohnite

German:Apjohnit
Manganalaun

Norwegian:Apjohnitt

Russian:Апджонит

Spanish:Apjohnita

Relationship of Apjohnite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Halotrichite Group

Other Members of Halotrichite Group:

Bílinite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Dietrichite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Halotrichite	FeAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2 : P2
Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Redingtonite	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2
Wupatkiite	(Co,Mg,Ni)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

1 photo of Apjohnite associated with Ilesite	Mn²⁺(SO₄) · 4H₂O
1 photo of Apjohnite associated with Aragonite	CaCO₃
1 photo of Apjohnite associated with Magnesiocopiapite	MgFe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

7.CB.	Sarvodaite	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.02	Voudourisite	CdSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.05	Szmikite	MnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Szomolnokite	FeSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Cobaltkieserite	CoSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Dwornikite	Ni(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Kieserite	MgSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Poitevinite	(Cu,Fe)SO₄ · H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.05	Gunningite	ZnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.07	Sanderite	MgSO₄ · 2H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.10	Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.12	Belogubite	CuZn(SO₄)₂ · 10H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.15	Drobecite	CdSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.15	Aplowite	(Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Cranswickite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.15	Rozenite	FeSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Starkeyite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Ilesite	Mn²⁺(SO₄) · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Boyleite	ZnSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.20	Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric.
7.CB.20	Jôkokuite	MnSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Pentahydrite	MgSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.25	Chvaleticeite	Mn(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Nickelhexahydrite	Ni(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Hexahydrite	MgSO₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Bianchite	Zn(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Moorhouseite	Co(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Ferrohexahydrite	FeSO₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.30	Retgersite	NiSO₄ · 6H₂O	Tet. 422 : P4₁2₁2
7.CB.35	Zincmelanterite	(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆SO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Alpersite	(Mg,Cu)(SO₄) · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Bieberite	CoSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.35	Boothite	CuSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Mallardite	MnSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.40	Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Goslarite	ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Morenosite	NiSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.45	Meta-alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 12H₂O	Orth.
7.CB.45	Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.50	Aluminocoquimbite	Al₂Fe₂(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.50	Lazaridisite	3CdSO₄ · 8H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.52	Pararaisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.55	Paracoquimbite	Fe₄(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : R3
7.CB.55	Rhomboclase	(H₅O₂)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
7.CB.55	Raisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.55	Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.57	'Caichengyunite'	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SO₄)₆ · 30H₂O	Mon.
7.CB.60	Kornelite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.65	Quenstedtite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.70	Lausenite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.75	Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.75	Lishizhenite	ZnFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.80	Ransomite	CuFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Dietrichite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Halotrichite	FeAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2 : P2
7.CB.85	Redingtonite	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2
7.CB.85	Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Bílinite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Wupatkiite	(Co,Mg,Ni)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.90	Meridianiite	MgSO₄ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Notes:

Soluble in water.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ApjohniteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-281.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Apjohnite on Webmineral

Look for Apjohnite on Wikipedia

Look for Apjohnite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from McDougall Minerals

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

The Arkenstone - Fine Minerals

References for ApjohniteHide

Reference List:

Apjohn, J. (1838) On a new variety of Alumn. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: 12: 103. [as Manganese Alum]

Kane, R. (1838) Ueber der Wirkung von Arsenikwasserstoff auf schwefelsaures Kupferoxyd und über den vom Dr. Apjohn zerlegten Mangan-alaun. Annalen der Physik: 44: 471-472.

Ludwig, H. (1870) Ueber den haarförmigen Manganalaun und das manganhaltige Bittersalz vom Boschjemansflusse. Archiv der Pharmacie: 193(2): 97-100.

Brown, W.G. (1884) A new hydrous manganous aluminic sulphate from Sevier Co., Tenn. American Chemical Journal: 6: 97-119.

Kokta (1939) Sborník Klubu Příroda.: 19: 75 (Min. Abs.: 7: 316 [1939])

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.527-528

Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C. (1976) The halotrichite group: the crystal structure of apjohnite. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (314) 599-608 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.314.07

Frost, Ray L., Theo Kloprogge, J., Williams, Peter A., Leverett, Peter (2000) Raman microscopy of some natural pseudo-alums: halotrichite, apjohnite and wupatkiite, at 298 and 77 K. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 31 (12). 1083-1087 doi:10.1002/1097-4555(200012)31:12<1083::aid-jrs647>3.0.co;2-#

(2005) Apjohnite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Ballirano, Paolo (2006) Crystal chemistry of the halotrichite group XAl₂(SO₄)₄·22H₂O: the X = Fe-Mg-Mn-Zn compositional tetrahedron. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (4) 463-469 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0463

Palmer, Sara; Frost, Ray L. (2006) Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of apjohnite and pickingerite. Polyhedron, 25 (17). 3379-3386 doi:10.1016/j.poly.2006.06.010

Lakshmi Reddy, S., Siva Reddy, G., Wain, D.L., Martens, W.N., Jagannatha Reddy, B., Frost, R.L. (2006) Electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and IR spectroscopic studies of the sulphate mineral apjohnite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 65 (5) 1227-1233 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.01.051

Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170

Frost, Ray L., Reddy, B. Jagannadha, O'Keeffe, Eloise C. (2010) An Application of near Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy to the Study of Natural Halotrichites: Halotrichite, Apjohnite and Wupatkiite. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 18 (3) 177-189 doi:10.1255/jnirs.877

Krivovichev, S. V. (2013) Structural complexity of minerals: information storage and processing in the mineral world. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (3) 275-326 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.3.05

Localities for ApjohniteHide

Showing 38 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed. 👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species. 👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Bulgaria
Plovdiv Province Rodopi Municipality ⓘ KCM smelter slag locality	Atanassova et al. (2009)
Chile
Tarapacá Tamarugal Province ⓘ Cerros Pintados	Peter G. Seroka collection
Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton ⓘ Poás Volcano	Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Cartago Province Oreamuno Canton Irazú Volcano ⓘ Cueva Los Minerales	Ulloa et al. (2018)
Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary Region Karlovy Vary District ⓘ Jáchymov	Lapis 2002 (7/8)
Pardubice Region Pardubice District ⓘ Chvaletice
Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki ⓘ Lavrion Mining District	Rieck et al. (2020)
Plaka Plaka Mines ⓘ Plaka Sulfate Locality II	Rieck et al. (2020)
Italy
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol South Tyrol Überetsch-Unterland (Oltradige-Bassa Atesina) ⓘ Terlan (Terlano)	Locke et al. (2007)
ⓘ Terlano Mine	Exel (1987)
Mozambique (TL)
Maputo Province Maputo ⓘ Maputo Bay (TL)	Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
Portugal
Aveiro Albergaria-a-Velha Branca ⓘ Palhal Mine	Marques de Sá et al. (2010)
Romania
Alba County Roșia Montană ⓘ Roşia Montană	Onac (2003)
Caraş-Severin County Băile Herculane ⓘ Diana Cave	B. Onac et al (2009, July)
Hunedoara County Certeju de Sus Bocşa Mare ⓘ Coranda quarry (Coranda open pit; Certej project; Coranda-Hondol ore deposit; Hondol pit)	Apopei et al. (2014)
Domogled - Cernei Valley National Park ⓘ Limestone caves	Onac (2009)
Maramureș County Băiuț ⓘ Johan Hell Mine ?	Ł. Kruszewski & M. Cegiełka PXRD data +2 other references
Russia
Kamchatka Krai Yelizovsky District ⓘ Mutnovskoe	Okrugin (2004)
ⓘ Mutnovsky volcano	Bortnikova et al. (2009, February)
ⓘ Severo‐Mutnovsky thermal fields	Bortnikova et al. (2009, February)
Sakha Verkhoyansk Fold Belt Verkhoyansk Silver Province Deputatsky ore cluster ⓘ Deputatskoe Sn deposit	Zhdanov Yu.Ya. (1998)
Senegal
Ziguinchor Region ⓘ Djiguinoum Valley	Montoroi (1995)
Slovakia
Košice Region Gelnica District ⓘ Smolník	Kokta (1939) +2 other references
Prešov Region Prešov District Červenica Dubník ⓘ Libanka	Koděra (1986)
Spain
Andalusia Huelva Alosno Tharsis ⓘ Tharsis Mines	Valente et al. (2013)
Galicia Lugo Quiroga Quiroga ⓘ As Covas	Carlos J. Rodríguez collection
Murcia La Unión ⓘ Brunita open pit (Brunita Quarry)	Tony Nikischer and Luis Menezes
Mazarrón San Cristóbal Hill ⓘ Santa Ana Mine
USA
Colorado Mineral County ⓘ Creede Mining District	Eckel et al. (1997)
Nevada Nye County Cactus Range Cactus Springs Mining District ⓘ Twentieth Century Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Urania Peak ⓘ Urania Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Washoe County Wedekind Mining District ⓘ Wedekind shaft	Castor et al. (2004)
New Mexico Santa Fe County ⓘ Old Placers District	Northrop et al. (1996)
Golden Ortiz Project ⓘ Dolores Tunnel	Northrop et al. (1996)
Pennsylvania Columbia County ⓘ Centralia	Scientific study done by Matt Livingood
Tennessee Monroe County Tellico Plains ⓘ Unnamed sulphate locality	Paris (2011)
Sevier County ⓘ Alum Cave Bluff	Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references
Utah Salt Lake County ⓘ Alum Point	Bullock (1981)

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Apjohnite

About ApjohniteHide