Named in 1925 by John Parry and Frederick Eugene Wright in honor of Alpheus Fuller Williams [June 21, 1874 Oakland Alameda County California, USA - January 6, 1953 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa] of the De Beers Consolidated Mines of South Africa.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Dutoitspan Mine, KEM JV Mine (Kimberley Ekapa Mining Joint Venture mine; Kimberley Underground mine), Kimberley, Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, Frances Baard District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

This page provides mineralogical data about Afwillite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:42:6

IMA Classification of AfwilliteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1925

Type description reference:

Parry, John, Wright, F. E. (1925) Afwillite, a new hydrous calcium silicate, from Dutoitspan mine, Kimberley, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 20 (108) 277-286 doi:10.1180/minmag.1925.020.108.02

Classification of AfwilliteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

9.AG.75

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
G : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in > [6] +- [6] coordination

Dana 8th ed.:

52.4.7.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO₄ Groups and O,OH,F,H₂O
4 : Insular SiO₄ Groups and O, OH, F, and H₂O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination

Hey's CIM Ref.:

14.5.11

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Afw	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of AfwilliteHide

Lustre:

Vitreous

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Colourless, white; rarely blue

Streak:

White

Hardness:

3 - 4 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
Perfect on {101}, good on {100}

Fracture:

Conchoidal

Density:

2.630 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.643(5) g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of AfwilliteHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 1.6169 n_β = 1.6204 n_γ = 1.6336

2V:

Measured: 50° to 56°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.017
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Dispersion:

r < v

Optical Extinction:

Y = b; X ∧ c = 31.2°.

Chemistry of AfwilliteHide

Mindat Formula:

Ca₃[SiO₄][SiO₂(OH)₂] · 2H₂O

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	46.721 %
Ca	35.110 %
Si	16.403 %
H	1.766 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Ca, H, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Al,Fe,Mg,F

Crystallography of AfwilliteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

m - Domatic

Space Group:

Cell Parameters:

a = 16.278(1) Å, b = 5.6321(4) Å, c = 13.236(1) Å
β = 134.9°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 2.89 : 1 : 2.35

Unit Cell V:

859.55 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals are prismatic, tabular, radial fibrous spherulites, massive.

Known forms include {001}, {100}, {110}, {310}, {011}, {045}, {013}, {101}, {101}, {302}, {112}, {121}, {211}, {213}, {312}.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0012415	Afwillite	Rastsvetaeva R K, Chukanov N V, Zadov A E (2009) Refined structure of afwillite from the northern Baikal region Crystallography Reports 54 418-422	2009	Yoko Dovyrensky massif, northern Baikal region, Russia	0	293
0009147	Afwillite	Megaw H D (1952) The structure of afwillite, Ca3(SiO3OH)22H2O* Acta Crystallographica 5 477-491	👁 Image	1952	Scawt Hill, Northern Ireland	0	293
0009551	Afwillite	Malik K M A, Jeffery J W (1976) A re-investigation of the structure of afwillite Acta Crystallographica B32 475-480	👁 Image	1976	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.83 Å	(100)
6.61 Å	(90)
3.18 Å	(90)
2.73 Å	(90)
3.28 Å	(70)
2.15 Å	(70)
2.34 Å	(60)

Comments:

Dutoitspan mine, Kimberley, South Africa. Data from Switzer and Bailey (1953).

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)	<0.36

Geological Setting:

Contact metamorphism of limestones.

Type Occurrence of AfwilliteHide

Type Locality:

General Appearance of Type Material:

Large crystals (11 x 4 x 1.5 cm) composed of sub-parallel individuals.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

The Natural History Museum, London, England, number 1925,80 (cotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 95237 (type).

Geological Setting of Type Material:

In a large dolerite inclusion in kimberlite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Apophyllite Group

Calcite

Natrolite

Reference:

Other Language Names for AfwilliteHide

Dutch:Afwilliet

French:Afwillite

German:Afwillit

Italian:Afwillite

Latvian:Afvilīts

Norwegian:Afwillitt

Russian:Афвиллит

Spanish:Afwillita

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

20 photos of Afwillite associated with Ettringite	Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂ · 26H₂O
14 photos of Afwillite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
12 photos of Afwillite associated with Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
10 photos of Afwillite associated with Thaumasite	Ca₃(SO₄)[Si(OH)₆](CO₃) · 12H₂O
5 photos of Afwillite associated with Monticellite	CaMg(SiO₄)
5 photos of Afwillite associated with Hydrocalumite	Ca₄Al₂(OH)₁₂(Cl,CO₃,OH)₂ · 4H₂O
5 photos of Afwillite associated with Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
4 photos of Afwillite associated with Brucite	Mg(OH)₂
4 photos of Afwillite associated with Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
3 photos of Afwillite associated with Portlandite	Ca(OH)₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

9.AG.	Aluminotaipingite-(CeCa)	(Ce₆Ca₃)◻Al(SiO₄)₃[SiO₃(OH)]₄F₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.	Ivanyukite-Na-T	Na₂Ti₄(SiO₄)₃(OH)O₃ · 7H₂O	Trig. 3m : R3m
9.AG.	Ivanyukite-Na-C	Na₂Ti₄(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂O₂ · 6H₂O	Iso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.	Edgrewite	Ca₉(SiO₄)₄F₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.AG.02	Gatedalite	ZrMn²⁺₂Mn³⁺₄SiO₁₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.05	Abswurmbachite	CuMn³⁺₆(SiO₄)O₈	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.05	Neltnerite	CaMn³⁺₆(SiO₄)O₈	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.05	Skogbyite	Zr(Mg₂Mn³⁺₄)SiO₁₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.05	Braunite	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₆(SiO₄)O₈	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.05	'Braunite-II'	Ca(Mn³⁺,Fe)₁₄(SiO₄)O₂₀	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
9.AG.10	Långbanite	Mn²⁺₄Mn³⁺₉Sb⁵⁺O₁₆(SiO₄)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
9.AG.12	Taipingite-(CeCa)	(Ce₇Ca₂)◻Mg(SiO₄)₃[SiO₃(OH)]₄F₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.15	Żabińskiite	Ca[Al_0.5(Ta,Nb)_0.5)](SiO₄)O	Tric. 1
9.AG.15	Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.AG.15	Vanadomalayaite	CaV⁴⁺(SiO₄)O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AG.15	Natrotitanite	(Na_0.5Y_0.5)Ti(SiO₄)O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AG.15	Malayaite	CaSn(SiO₄)O	Mon. 2/m
9.AG.20	Ferricerite-(LaCa)	(La₆Ca₃)◻Fe³⁺(SiO₄)₃(SiO₃OH)₄(OH)₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20	Aluminocerite-(CeCa)	(Ce₆Ca₃)◻Al(SiO₄)₃[SiO₃(OH)]₄(OH)₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20	Cerite-(CeCa)	(Ce₇Ca₂)◻Mg(SiO₄)₃(SiO₃OH)₄(OH)₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.20	Nipeiite-(Ce)	Ce₉Fe³⁺(SiO₄)₆[SiO₃(OH)](OH)₃	Trig. 3m : R3c
9.AG.25	'Yftisite-(Y)'	(Y,Dy,Er)₄(Ti,Sn)(SiO₄)₂O(F,OH)₆
9.AG.25	Mieite-(Y)	Y₄Ti(SiO₄)₂O[F,(OH)]₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.AG.25	Trimounsite-(Y)	Y₂Ti₂(SiO₄)O₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.AG.30	Sitinakite	KNa₂Ti₄(SiO₄)₂O₅(OH) · 4H₂O	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4₂/mcm
9.AG.35	Kittatinnyite	Ca₂Mn₂Mn(SiO₄)₂(OH)₄ · 9H₂O	Hex.
9.AG.40b	Paranatisite	Na₂Ti(SiO₄)O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pmma
9.AG.40a	Natisite	Na₂Ti(SiO₄)O	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m)
9.AG.45	Törnebohmite-(Ce)	Ce₂Al(SiO₄)₂(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.AG.45	Törnebohmite-(La)	La₂Al(SiO₄)₂(OH)
9.AG.50	Ivanyukite-Na	Na₂Ti₄(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂O₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m : R3m
9.AG.50	Ivanyukite-K	K₂Ti₄(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂O₂ · 9H₂O	Iso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.50	Ivanyukite-Cu	CuTi₄(SiO₄)₃(OH)₂O₂ · 7H₂O	Iso. 43m : P43m
9.AG.50	Kuliokite-(Y)	Y₄Al(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂F₅	Mon. m
9.AG.50	Hydroxyledgrewite	Ca₉(SiO₄)₄(OH)₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
9.AG.52	Ulfanderssonite-(Ce)	(Ce₁₅Ca)_Σ16Mg₂(SiO₄)₁₀(SiO₃OH)(OH,F)₅Cl₃	Mon. m : Bm
9.AG.55	Chantalite	CaAl₂(SiO₄)(OH)₄	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
9.AG.60	Vuagnatite	CaAl(SiO₄)(OH)	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
9.AG.60	Mozartite	CaMn³⁺(SiO₄)(OH)	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
9.AG.65	Hatrurite	Ca₃(SiO₄)O	Trig.
9.AG.70	Jasmundite	Ca₁₁(SiO₄)₄O₂S	Tet. 42m : I4m2
9.AG.80	Bultfonteinite	Ca₂(HSiO₄)F · H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
9.AG.85	Zoltaiite	BaV⁴⁺₂V³⁺₁₂(SiO₄)₂O₁₉	Trig. 3 : P3
9.AG.90	Tranquillityite	(Fe²⁺,Ca)₈(Zr,Y)₂Ti₃(SiO₄)₃O₁₂	Hex.

Other InformationHide

Electrical:

Piezoelectric

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for AfwilliteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-42.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

The Arkenstone - Fine Minerals

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References for AfwilliteHide

Reference List:

Foshag, W.F. (1925) New minerals: new species. American Mineralogist: 10: 447-448.

Tilley, C. E. (1930) An Association of Afwillite with Spurrite. Geological Magazine, 67 (4) 168-169 doi:10.1017/s0016756800099143

Megaw, H. D. (1949) Hydroxyl groups in afwillite. Acta Crystallographica, 2 (6) 419-420 doi:10.1107/s0365110x49001089

Megaw, H. D. (1952) The structure of afwillite, Ca3(SiO3OH)2.2H2O. Acta Crystallographica, 5 (4) 477-491 doi:10.1107/s0365110x52001404

Moody, K. M. (1952) The thermal decomposition of afwillite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (216) 838-840 doi:10.1180/minmag.1952.029.216.05

Switzer, George, Bailey, Edgar H. (1953) Afwillite from Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist, 38 (7-8) 629-633

Shaw, R. (1953) The thermal expansion of afwillite. Acta Crystallographica, 6 (5) 428-429 doi:10.1107/s0365110x53001198

Taylor, H. F. W. (1955) The dehydration of afwillite. Acta Crystallographica, 8 (7) 440 doi:10.1107/s0365110x55001382

Grünhagen, H.; Mergoil, Juliette (1963) Découverte d'hydrocalumite et afwillite associées à l'ettringite dans les porcélanites de Boisséjour près Ceyrat (Puy-de-Dôme). Bulletin de Minéralogie, 86 (2). 149-157 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1963.8308

Taylor, J.E. (1968) The heat of formation of xonotlite, tobermorite, hillebrandite and afwillite. In Conference on the Silicate Industry. Akad Kiado, Budapest, Hungary: 179-184.

Malik, K. M. A., Jeffery, J. W. (1976) A re-investigation of the structure of afwillite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 32 (2) 475-480 doi:10.1107/s0567740876003270

Kusachi, Isao, Henmi, Chiyoko, Henmi, Kitinosuke (1989) Afwillite and jennite from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 14 (7) 279-292 doi:10.2465/minerj.14.279

(2001) Afwillite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Rastsvetaeva, R. K., Chukanov, N. V., Zadov, A. E. (2009) Refined structure of afwillite from the northern Baikal region. Crystallography Reports, 54 (3) 418-422 doi:10.1134/s1063774509030080

Juroszek, Rafał, Czaja, Maria, Lisiecki, Radosław, Krüger, Biljana, Hachuła, Barbara, Galuskina, Irina (2020) Spectroscopic and structural investigations of blue afwillite from Ma’ale Adummim locality, Palestinian Autonomy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 227. 117688 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2019.117688

Localities for AfwilliteHide

Showing 55 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed. 👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species. 👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Austria
Styria Südoststeiermark District Klöch ⓘ Basalt quarry	Walter Trattner collection
France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand Beaumont ⓘ Boisséjour	Grünhagen et al. (1963) +1 other reference
Germany
Bavaria Lower Franconia Haßberge District Maroldsweisach ⓘ Zeilberg Quarry	Pöllmann (1991)
Rhineland-Palatinate Ahrweiler Brohltal Brenk ⓘ Schellkopf	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Mayen-Koblenz Mayen Seekante ⓘ Xenolith CS-008 (Bellbergite type-locality)	Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe)
ⓘ Xenolith CS-020	Skrzyńska et al. (2023)
Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry	Blaß et al. (2005)
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry 👁 Image	Hentschel (1987)
ⓘ Xenolith CS-043	Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe)
ⓘ Xenolith CS-050	in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Kottenheim ⓘ Hufnagel	Hentschel (1983)
Vulkaneifel Daun Üdersdorf ⓘ Emmelberg	Schüller et al. (1986)
Gerolstein Hohenfels-Essingen ⓘ Feuerberg	Blass et al. (2006)
Ireland
Connacht Sligo County Killala Bay ⓘ Inishcrone	Nawaz (1974) +1 other reference
Israel
Southern District Beersheba Subdistrict Tamar Regional Council ⓘ Hatrurim Basin	Galuskin et al. (2015)
ⓘ Aravaite type locality	Britvin et al. (2021) +1 other reference
ⓘ Halamish Quarry	Skrzyńska et al. (2025)
ⓘ Mazorite type locality	Krzątała et al. (2023)
ⓘ Nahal Morag Canyon	Sharygin et al. (2019)
Wadi Zohar ⓘ Roadside Arad – Dead Sea	Galuskin et al. (2022)
Tel Aviv District ⓘ Ayalon River (Nahal Ayalon)	GROSS et al. (1967)
Italy
Lazio Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ⓘ Alban Hills	Caponera et al. (2007)
Rome Valleranello ⓘ Vallerano Quarries	Fiori et al. (2002) +2 other references
Viterbo Province Montalto di Castro Pietra Massa Locality ⓘ Campomorto Quarry	Passaglia et al. (1982)
Umbria Perugia Province Spoleto ⓘ Colle Fabbri	Stoppa et al. (2010)
Veneto Vicenza Province Cornedo Vicentino Spagnago ⓘ Grolla quarry	50 +2 other references
Japan
Hiroshima Prefecture Shoubara City Kushiro ⓘ Uenotani	Yamada (2004)
Okayama Prefecture Ibara City Higashi-Mihara ⓘ Mihara mine	Kusachi et al. (1989)
Takahashi City Bitchū Fuka ⓘ Fuka mine	Kusachi et al. (1989) +1 other reference
Jordan
Amman Governorate Transjordan Plateau Daba-Siwaqa complex ⓘ Daba	Pitty et al. (2010)
Hashem region Lisdan-Siwaga Fault ⓘ Jordan Areva Resources	Fleurance et al. (2013)
Siwaga ⓘ Qatranaite locality	Vapnik et al. (2019)
Irbid Governorate Maqarin area ⓘ Yarmouk river	Khoury et al. (1985)
Middle East
ⓘ Hatrurim Formation	Gross (1977)
New Zealand
Northland Region Kaipara District Tokatoka ⓘ Golden Gully	Railton et al. (1990)
Palestine
West Bank Jericho Governorate ⓘ Nabi Musa	Galuskina et al. (2024)
Quds Governorate ⓘ Jebel Harmun (Jabel Harum)	Galuskin et al. (2015)
ⓘ Ma'ale Adumim	Sokol et al. (2011) +3 other references
Romania
Brașov County ⓘ Racoş (Racoşul de Jos)	Szakáll
ⓘ Basalt quarry	Szakáll et al. (2010)
Caraş-Severin County Oraviţa ⓘ Oraviţa Skarns	Marincea et al. (2011)
Hunedoara County Vaţa de Jos Cerboia Valley ⓘ Cornet Hill	Marincea et al. (2013)
Russia
Buryatia Severo-Baykalsky District Dovyren Highlands ⓘ Yoko-Dovyrensky Massif	American Mineralogist
Kabardino-Balkaria Chegemsky District ⓘ Upper Chegem volcanic caldera (Verkhnechegemskaya caldera)	Bailau +1 other reference
Lakargi Mountain ⓘ Xenolith no. 1	Galuskina et al. (2015)
ⓘ Xenolith no. 3	Galuskin et al. (2011)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Evenkiysky District Nizhnyaya Tunguska River Basin ⓘ Anakit Creek
South Africa (TL)
Northern Cape Frances Baard District Municipality Sol Plaatje Local Municipality Kimberley KEM JV Mine (Kimberley Ekapa Mining Joint Venture mine; Kimberley Underground mine) ⓘ Dutoitspan Mine (TL)	Parry et al. (1925) +1 other reference
John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality Joe Morolong Local Municipality N'Chwaning Mines ⓘ N'Chwaning I Mine	Pohl et al. (1991)
ⓘ N'Chwaning II Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Wessels Mine 👁 Image	Cairncross et al. (1995)
UK
Northern Ireland County Antrim Larne Glenoe ⓘ Carneal	Nawaz (1977)
ⓘ Scawt Hill	Tilley (1930) +3 other references
USA
California Riverside County Jurupa Valley Crestmore Crestmore quarries Sky Blue Hill ⓘ Commercial Quarry	Switzer et al. (1953) +2 other references
Missouri Washington County ⓘ Pea Ridge Mine	Sherwood et al. (1998)

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