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⇱ Vysotskite: Mineral information, data and localities.


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Vysotskite

A valid IMA mineral species
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About VysotskiteHide

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Formula:
PdS
Colour:
White
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
Specific Gravity:
6.705 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named in honour of Nikolai Konstantinovich Vysotskii (Никола́й Константи́нович Высо́цкий) (23 (11) April 1864, Barnaul, Russian Empire - 7 August 1932, Leningrad, USSR), geologist who found the platinum ore deposit at Noril'sk. He was also the first person to make a geological map of the Urals. He is the author of two monographs: "Platinum Deposits of the Isovsky and Nizhny Tagil Districts in the Urals" (1913) and "Platinum and Areas of Its Production" (1923).

Unique IdentifiersHide

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Mindat ID:
4221
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4221:1

IMA Classification of VysotskiteHide

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Approved
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
First published:
1962
Approval history:
Redefined by IMA 2022 (proposal 22-E) as PdS.

Classification of VysotskiteHide

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2.CC.35a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2.8.5.2

2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.12.13

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

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As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
VskIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
VskThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of VysotskiteHide

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Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
White
Hardness:
1½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=715 - 864 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
6.705 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of VysotskiteHide

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Anisotropism:
Weak to moderate, dark brown to dark blue-gray.
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm41.2%42.0%
420nm42.2%43.0%
440nm43.0%43.9%
460nm43.7%44.5%
480nm44.2%45.0%
500nm44.5%45.4%
520nm44.9%45.6%
540nm45.1%45.8%
560nm45.4%46.1%
580nm45.6%46.3%
600nm45.8%46.5%
620nm46.0%46.6%
640nm46.0%46.6%
660nm46.0%46.5%
680nm45.7%46.3%
700nm45.4%46.2%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 46.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in
Colour in reflected light:
creamy white

Chemistry of VysotskiteHide

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Mindat Formula:
PdS
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Pd76.846 %
S23.154 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Common Impurities:
Pt

Crystallography of VysotskiteHide

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Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P42/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.368(3) Å, c = 6.562(3) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.03
Unit Cell V:
266.10 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0010019VysotskiteBrese N E, Squattrito P J, Ibers J A (1985) Reinvestigation of the structure of PdS Acta Crystallographica C41 1829-1830👁 Image
1985synthetic0293
0010567VysotskiteGaskell T F (1937) The structure of braggite and palladium sulphide Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 96 203-213👁 Image
1937synthetic0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.846 Å(100)
2.914 Å(90)
2.612 Å(80)
2.650 Å(70)
1.857 Å(70)
1.142 Å(70)
2.150 Å(60)

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals

Type Occurrence of VysotskiteHide

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General Appearance of Type Material:
minute irregular deposits, rarely as well-formed prismatic crystals up to 0.07 mm
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St. Petersburg, 93a/1.
A.E. Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 64853.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
disseminated ores in andesine diabases
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Other Language Names for VysotskiteHide

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German:Vysotskit
Simplified Chinese:硫钯矿
Spanish:Vysotskita
Traditional Chinese:硫鈀礦

Relationship of Vysotskite to other SpeciesHide

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Common AssociatesHide

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Associations Based on Photo Data:
13 photos of Vysotskite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
10 photos of Vysotskite associated with BorniteCu5FeS4
8 photos of Vysotskite associated with BraggitePdPt3S4
6 photos of Vysotskite associated with 'Iron-Platinum alloy'(Pt,Fe)
6 photos of Vysotskite associated with MilleriteNiS
1 photo of Vysotskite associated with ColdwellitePd3Ag2S
1 photo of Vysotskite associated with PyrrhotiteFe1-xS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

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2.CC.EliopoulositeV7S8Trig. 32 : P3221
2.CC.TilkerodeitePd2HgSe3Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.CC.'UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh'(Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11
2.CC.Proxitwelvefoldite Pd3Ni4Te8Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P42/mnm
2.CC.FerrotorryweiseriteRh5Fe10S16Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CC.TamuraiteIr5Fe10S16Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CC.Crowningshieldite(Ni0.9Fe0.1)SHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.KuvaeviteIr5Ni10S16Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CC.TorryweiseriteRh5Ni10S16Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CC.05AchávaliteFeSeHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.05LangisiteCoAsHex. 6 : P63
2.CC.05SederholmiteNiSeHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.05FrebolditeCoSeHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.05NickelineNiAsHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm
2.CC.05SobolevskitePdBiHex.
2.CC.05JaipuriteCoSHex.
2.CC.05KotulskitePd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)Hex.
2.CC.05ZlatogoriteNiCuSb2Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
2.CC.05StumpflitePtSbHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.05SudburyitePdSbHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.05BreithauptiteNiSbHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.10PyrrhotiteFe1-xSMon.
2.CC.10Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CC.10TroiliteFeSHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.15Ruthenarsenite(Ru,Ni)AsOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.CC.15Westerveldite(Fe,Ni,Co)AsOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CC.15ModderiteCoAsOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CC.15MinakawaiteRhSbOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.CC.15CherepanoviteRhAsOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.CC.20'UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh'(Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S
2.CC.20MilleriteNiSTrig. 3m : R3m
2.CC.20MäkineniteNiSeTrig. 3m
2.CC.25MackinawiteFeSTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/nmm
2.CC.30VavříniteNi2SbTe2Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mmc
2.CC.30'Hexatestibiopanickelite'(Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) ?Hex.
2.CC.35bCooperitePtSTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P42/mmc
2.CC.35aBraggitePdPt3S4Tet. 4/m : P42/m
2.CC.45JacutingaitePt2HgSe3Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.CC.50'Imgreite'NiTe (?)Hex.

Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
PGM ore

Internet Links for VysotskiteHide

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References for VysotskiteHide

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Reference List:

Localities for VysotskiteHide

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Showing 100 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

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👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Bulgaria
  • Burgas Province
    • Kameno Municipality
Atanasov (1990)
Canada
  • British Columbia
    • Liard Mining Division
Vos et al. (2007)
  • New Brunswick
    • Kings Co.
      • Cardwell Parish
Canadian Mineralogist 45 +1 other reference
  • Ontario
    • Thunder Bay District
      • Coldwell complex
McDonald et al. (2015)
Good et al. (2017)
      • Lac des Iles Area
Dana's New Mineralogy +2 other references
D. H. Watkinson and G. Dunning v (1979) +1 other reference
      • Seeley Lake Area
EcoMetrix Reort for Stillwater Canada Inc (2012)
China
  • Hebei
    • Chengde
      • Fengning County
        • Boluonuo
Zuxiang Yu et al. (1974) +2 other references
  • Xinjiang
    • Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
      • Tacheng Prefecture (Tarbaghatay Prefecture)
        • Tuoli Co. (Toli Co.)
          • Sartohay (Sartokay; Sartuohai; Saertuohai)
Zhu et al. (2019)
DR Congo
  • Lualaba
    • Mutshatsha
...
Ecuador
  • Carchi Province
    • Awa Indian Preserve
Barron et al. (2025)
Finland
  • Lapland
    • Enontekiö
Kojonen et al. (2014)
Gustafsson et al. (2019)
    • Penikat complex
Alapieti et al. (1986)
      • Sompujärvi Reef
American Mineralogist +2 other references
    • Portimo complex
Andersen et al. (2006)
Papunen (1986)
    • Sodankylä
Gervilla et al. (2005)
      • Kevitsansarvi (Keivitsansarvi)
Mutanen (1997)
      • Viiankiaapa mire area
Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020)
France
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Ain
      • Bourg-en-Bresse
        • Jayat
Ducluzaux (2022)
        • Lescheroux
Ducluzaux (2022)
    • Savoie
      • Chambéry
        • Marcieux
Ducluzaux (2021)
Greece
  • Thessaly
    • Trikala
      • Meteora
Kapsiotis et al. (2011)
Greenland
  • Sermersooq
    • Kangerlussuaq Fjord
Thomassen et al. (2006, February)
Holwell et al. (2016)
India
  • Odisha
    • Keonjhar District
Prichard et al. (2018)
Japan
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Rumoi Subprefecture
NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022)
Kazakhstan
  • Aktobe Region
    • Kargaly District
doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference
Philippines
  • Luzon
    • Cordillera Administrative Region
      • Benguet Province
        • Tuba
Piestrzyński et al. (1994)
Russia
  • Buryatia
    • Severo-Baykalsky District
      • Dovyren Highlands
Sobolev et al. (2025)
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Koryak Okrug
      • Karaginsky District
Tolstykh et al. (2000)
      • Olyutorsky district
Kutyrev et al. (2018) +1 other reference
  • Khabarovsk Krai
    • Ayano-Maysky district
      • Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif
Kasatkin et al. (2025)
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Lysanskiy dunite-peridotite-gabbro complex
Barkov et al. (2023)
Barkov et al. (2021)
    • Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug
      • Taimyr Peninsula
Anthony et al. (1990) +3 other references
          • Noril'sk Cu-Ni deposit
            • Noril'sk-1 Cu-Ni deposit
Nornickel
          • Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Spiridonov et al. (2020)
Pekov (1998)
  • Murmansk Oblast
Gabov (2010)
33rd International Geological Congress (2008)
Hålenius et al. (2018)
Groshev +7 other references
Groshev +6 other references
Groshev +7 other references
Groshev +7 other references
33rd International Geological Congress (2008)
Vymazalová et al. (2021)
Groshev +7 other references
Groshev et al. (2019)
www.duke.edu (2003)
Chashchin et al. (2018)
Grokhovskaya et al. (2009)
Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008)
      • Sopcha Massif
Grokhovskaya et al. (2003)
Chashchin et al. (2013)
Chashchin et al. (2013)
  • Novosibirsk Oblast
    • Egor’evsk ore placer district
      • Ik placer field
Podlipsky et al. (2007)
  • Perm Krai
    • Gornozavodskii District
      • Sarany
Puzik (2019)
  • Republic of Karelia
    • Kondopozhsky District
- (2014)
    • Loukhsky District
      • Oulanka plutonic complex
        • Olanga River (Oulanka River)
Grishaenko et al. (2007)
Barkov et al. (2004)
    • Northern Karelia
Lavrov et al. (2017)
  • Sakha
    • Anabar River basin
Okrugin et al. (2024)
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Kachkanar
      • Kachkanar Complex
        • Kachkanarskoe
Stepanov et al. (2023)
    • Karpinsk Urban Okrug
Mikhailov et al. (2021)
    • Prigorodny District
      • Volkovskii Cu-Fe-V-Au-Pd complex
Zaccarini et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Mikhailov et al. (2021)
  • Ural Mountains
    • Polar Urals
Cherkasova et al. (2014, August)
  • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
    • Labytnangi
Murzin et al. (2022)
Sierra Leone
  • Western Area
Bowles (2000)
Bowles et al. (2018)
South Africa
  • Limpopo
    • Sekhukhune District Municipality
      • Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality
Kottke-Levin (2011)
Montjoie (2018)
Melcher et al. (2005)
    • Waterberg District Municipality
      • Mogalakwena Local Municipality
Hutchinson et al. (2005)
Hutchinson et al. (2005)
  • North West
    • Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
      • Madibeng Local Municipality
Cairncross et al. (1995)
Voordouw et al. (2010)
Spain
  • Galicia
    • A Coruña
Madon et al. (1991) +3 other references
Tanzania
  • Kigoma Region
Wilhelmij et al. (2016)
USA
  • California
    • Nevada County
      • North San Juan Mining District
        • North San Juan
Sjoberg et al. (1980) +3 other references
  • Montana
Cabri et al. (1979) +1 other reference
    • Stillwater County
Volborth et al. (1986)
Volborth et al. (1986)
Volborth et al. (1986)
      • J-M Reef (Howland Reef)
Criddle et al. (1985)
Volborth et al. (1986)
Volborth et al. (1986)
Volborth et al. (1986)
Gobla (2012)
Volborth et al. (1986)
    • Sweet Grass County
Sibanye Stillwater
  • Nevada
    • Clark County
      • Virgin Mountains
Castor et al. (2004)
  • Pennsylvania
    • Chester County
Smith and Barnes (2011)
    • Lancaster County
Smith and Barnes (2011)
Zimbabwe
  • Mashonaland West
    • Chegutu District
Wilson et al. (2001)
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