First described from samples of slags from furnace iron production found at three furnace localities: Hofors, Löfsjöen and Mölnbo, Sweden (Vogt 1884). Named by the Norwegian geologist, professor Johan Herman Lie Vogt (1858-1932) in honor of Anders Richard Åkerman (1837-1922), Swedish metallurgist. During his comprehensive study of the mineralogy of slag products, Vogt discovered a new Ca-Mg-silicate, and named the mineral Åkermanit. Åkerman had kindly given J.H.L. Vogt access to Stockholms Bergskolas large collection of slags. It was in samples from this collection Vogt discovered the mineral.

Gehlenite-Åkermanite Series.

The Mg analogue of ferroåkermanite.

Name EncodingHide

ASCII-7:

Akermanite

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:70:9

IMA Classification of ÅkermaniteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Ca₂MgSi₂O₇

Classification of ÅkermaniteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

9.BB.10

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si₂O₇ groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination

Dana 8th ed.:

55.4.1.1

55 : SOROSILICATES Si₂O₇ Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si₂O₇ Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination

Hey's CIM Ref.:

14.6.9

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
6 : Silicates of Ca with alkali or Mg or both

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Åk	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Ak	Kretz (1983)	Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Ak	Siivolam & Schmid (2007)	Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Ak	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Ak	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of ÅkermaniteHide

Lustre:

Vitreous, Resinous

Transparency:

Transparent, Translucent

Colour:

Colorless, yellowish gray, green, brown

Comment:

In thin section, colorless to yellow.

Streak:

White

Hardness:

5 - 6 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
Distinct on {001} , poor on {110}

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal

Density:

2.944 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.922 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of ÅkermaniteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (+)

RI values:

n_ω = 1.632 n_ε = 1.64

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.008
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Chemistry of ÅkermaniteHide

Mindat Formula:

Ca₂Mg[Si₂O₇]

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	41.080 %
Ca	29.401 %
Si	20.604 %
Mg	8.915 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Ca, Mg, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ÅkermaniteHide

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

42m - Scalenohedral

Space Group:

P42₁m

Cell Parameters:

a = 7.8288(8) Å, c = 5.0052(2) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.639

Unit Cell V:

306.77 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals short prismatic to thin tabular, which may resemble squashed, octahedrally-modified cubes; granular, massive.

Twinning:

On {100} and 001 , cruciform.

Comment:

Synthetic material

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
M12011	Åkermanite	Swainson, I.P., Dove, M.T., Schmahl, W.W., Putnis, A. (1992) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19, 185-195 Neutron powder diffraction study of the akermanite-gehlenite solid solution series	1992	Synthetic	0	0

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.87 Å	(100)
3.09 Å	(30)
1.764 Å	(30)
2.039 Å	(20)
2.488 Å	(18)
3.73 Å	(14)
5.55 Å	(12)

Comments:

Synthetic.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases	4.567-4.561
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs)	>4.565
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration	4.566-4.550
6 : Secondary asteroid phases	4.566-4.560
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust	>4.50
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics	<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)	<0.36

Geological Setting:

A product of contact metamorphism of siliceous limestones and dolostones, and in rocks of the sanidinite facies. Also forms from alkalic magmas rich in calcium.

Synonyms of ÅkermaniteHide

Oakermanite

Okermanite

Other Language Names for ÅkermaniteHide

Dutch:Åkermaniet

French:Åkermanite

German:Åkermanit
Oakermanit
Okermanit

Norwegian:Åkermanitt

Russian:Окерманит

Simplified Chinese:镁黄长石

Spanish:Åkermanita
Oakermanita
Okermanita

Varieties of ÅkermaniteHide

Justite (of Hofmann-Degen)

An artificial (anthropogenic) mineral found as crystals in lead furnaces in Clausthal, Harz, Germany. An Fe(II)- and Zn-bearing (ferroan-zincian) åkermanite.

Relationship of Åkermanite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Melilite Group

Other Members of Melilite Group:

Alumoåkermanite	(CaNa)Al[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
Bennesherite	Ba₂Fe²⁺[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
'Ferri-gehlenite'	Ca₂Fe³⁺[AlSiO₇]
Ferroåkermanite	Ca₂Fe[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
Gugiaite	Ca₂Be[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42m
Hardystonite	Ca₂Zn[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
Hydroxylgugiaite	(Ca,◻)₂(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)₂O_5.5(OH)_1.5]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
Okayamalite	Ca₂B[BSiO₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m

Forms a series with:

Gehlenite

Åkermanite-Gehlenite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

9 photos of Åkermanite associated with Kalsilite	KAlSiO₄
3 photos of Åkermanite associated with Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
2 photos of Åkermanite associated with Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Andradite	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Ettringite	Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂ · 26H₂O
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Linarite	PbCu(SO₄)(OH)₂
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Gismondine Subgroup
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Cuprite	Cu₂O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

9.BB.10	Hardystonite	Ca₂Zn[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	Okayamalite	Ca₂B[BSiO₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	Jeffreyite	(Ca,Na)₂(Be,Al)(Si₂O₇,HSi₂O₇)	Orth. 222 : C222₁
9.BB.10	Alumoåkermanite	(CaNa)Al[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	'Ferri-gehlenite'	Ca₂Fe³⁺[AlSiO₇]
9.BB.10	Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	Ferroåkermanite	Ca₂Fe[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	Cebollite	Ca₅Al₂(SiO₄)₃(OH)₄	Orth.
9.BB.10	Hydroxylgugiaite	(Ca,◻)₂(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)₂O_5.5(OH)_1.5]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.10	Gugiaite	Ca₂Be[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42m
9.BB.15	Barylite	Be₂Ba(Si₂O₇)	Orth.
9.BB.15	'Barylite-1O'	Be₂Ba(Si₂O₇)	Mon. m : Pm
9.BB.20	Bennesherite	Ba₂Fe²⁺[Si₂O₇]	Tet. 42m : P42₁m
9.BB.20	Andrémeyerite	BaFe²⁺₂(Si₂O₇)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Åkermanite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Metamorphic rock
- Metasomatic-rock
  - Skarn
    - Magnesian-skarn

Internet Links for ÅkermaniteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-70.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Åkermanite on Webmineral

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Look for Åkermanite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from McDougall Minerals

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

The Arkenstone - Fine Minerals

References for ÅkermaniteHide

Reference List:

Vogt, I.H.L. (1884) Studier over slagger. I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar: 9: 3-302.

Vogt, I.H.L. (1890) Die Mineralien der Melilithgruppe - nämlich Gehlenit, Melilith und ein neues tetragonales, nicht Al2O3-führendes (Ca,Mg)O-Silikat (Åkermanit), nebst Zwischengliedern. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab: 13: 310-402.

Osborn, E. F., Schairer, J. F. (1941) The ternary system pseudowollastonite-akermanite-gehlenite. American Journal of Science, 239 (10) 715-763 doi:10.2475/ajs.239.10.715

Schairer, J. F., Bowen, N. L. (1942) The binary system CaSiO3-diopside, and the relations between CaSiO3 and akermanite. American Journal of Science, 240 (10). 725-742 doi:10.2475/ajs.240.10.725

Neuvonen, K.J. (1952) Thermochemical investigation of the åkermanite-gehlenite series. Bulletin de la Commission Géologique de Finlande Vol. 158. Geological Survey of Finland

Harker, R. I.; Tuttle, O. F. (1956) The lower limit of stability of akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7). American Journal of Science, 254 (8). 468-478 doi:10.2475/ajs.254.8.468

Christie, O.H.J. (1962) On sub solidus relations of silicates. IV. The systems åkermanite - sodium-gehlenite and gehlenite - sodium gehlenite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 42 (1-2). 31-44

Dear, P.S (1970) Isomorphism of åkermanite and strontio-gehlenite. Lithos, 3 (1) 13-16 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(70)90083-6

Valley, J.W., Essene, E.J. (1979) Vesuvianite, akermanite, monticellite and wollastonite equlibria and high X H2O/CO2 at Cascade slide, Mt Marcy Quad, Adirondack Mts. EOS: 60: 423.

Kimata, M., Ii, N. (1981) The crystal structure of synthetic akermanite, Ca2MgSi2O7. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1981: 1-10.

Charlu, T.V., Newton, R.C., Kleppa, O.J. (1981) Thermochemistry of synthetic Ca2Al2SiO7 (gehlenite)-Ca2MgSi2O7 (åkermanite) melilites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45 (9) 1609-1617 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(81)90289-1

Hemingway, B.S., Evans, H.T., Nord, G.L., Haselton, H.T., Robie, R.A., McGee, J.J. (1986) Åkermanite: phase transitions in heat capacity and thermal expansion, and revised thermodynamic data. The Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 425-434.

ONUMA, KOSUKE, MORIDAIRA, HIDEYA (1991) The system diopside-akermanite-gehlenite at 1 atm. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 86 (12) 554-559 doi:10.2465/ganko.86.554

Swainson, Ian P., Dove, Martin T., Schmahl, Wolfgang W., Putnis, Andrew (1992) Neutron powder diffraction study of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 19 (3). 185-195 doi:10.1007/bf00202107

Kakitani, Satoru; Ishii, Hiroshi; Yamaguchi, Kazuhiro (1997) Synthesis of Solid Solutions Based on the Akermanite and/or Hardystonite Systems and Their Fluorescence Properties. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 36. 6793-6797 doi:10.1143/jjap.36.6793

KUSAKA, Katsuhiro, OHMASA, Masaaki, HAGIYA, Kenji, IISHI, Kazuaki, HAGA, Nobuhiko (1998) On variety of the Ca coordination in the incommensurate structure of synthetic iron-bearing åkermanite, Ca2(Mg0.55,Fe0.45)Si2O7. Mineralogical Journal, 20 (2). 47-58 doi:10.2465/minerj.20.47

Courtial, P., Téqui, C., Richet, P. (2000) Thermodynamics of diopside, anorthite, pseudowollastonite, CaMgGeO4 olivine, and åkermanite up to near the melting point. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27 (4). 242-250 doi:10.1007/s002690050253

(2001) Åkermanite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Bindi, Luca, Bonazzi, Paola, Dušek, Michal, Petříček, Václav, Chapuis, Gervais (2001) Five-dimensional structure refinement of natural melilite, (Ca1.89Sr0.01Na0.08K0.02)(Mg0.92Al0.08)(Si1.98Al0.02)O7. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 57 (6) 739-746 doi:10.1107/s0108768101014495

Bindi, Luca, Rees, Leigh H., Bonazzi, Paola (2003) Twinning in natural melilite simulating a fivefold superstructure. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 59 (1) 156-158 doi:10.1107/s0108768103000041

Haussühl, S.; Liebertz, J. (2004) Elastic and thermoelastic properties of synthetic Ca2MgSi2O7 (åkermanite) and Ca2ZnSi2O7 (hardystonite). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 31 (8). 565-567 doi:10.1007/s00269-004-0416-9

Gemmi, M., Merlini, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2007) Non-ideality and defectivity of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution: An X-ray diffraction and TEM study. American Mineralogist, 92 (10). 1685-1694 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2380

Merlini, Marco, Gemmi, Mauro, Cruciani, Giuseppe, Artioli, Gilberto (2008) High-temperature behaviour of melilite: in situ X-ray diffraction study of gehlenite–åkermanite–Na melilite solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 35 (3) 147-155 doi:10.1007/s00269-007-0206-2

Merlini, M., Gemmi, M., Hanfland, M., Crichton, W. (2009) High-pressure behavior of akermanite and gehlenite and phase stability of the normal structure in melilites. American Mineralogist, 94 (5) 704-709 doi:10.2138/am.2009.3072

Localities for ÅkermaniteHide

Showing 75 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed. 👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species. 👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex ⓘ Pobeda-1 hydrothermal field	Gablina et al. (2018)
ⓘ Pobeda-2 hydrothermal field	Gablina et al. (2018)
Austria
Tyrol Kufstein District Brixlegg ⓘ Montanwerke Brixlegg slag locality	Kolitsch (2013)
Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Labrador ⓘ Kiglapait intrusion	OWENS et al. (2010)
ⓘ Slambang Bay	Owens (2000)
Québec Laurentides Deux-Montagnes RCM Oka ⓘ Bond zone	Sabina (1968)
ⓘ Dufresne Hill	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Saint-Joseph-du-Lac ⓘ Oka Rare Metals mine	Sabina (1968)
China
Shaanxi Hanzhong Ningqiang County ⓘ Ningqiang meteorite (Ningqiang carbonaceous chondrite)	Xiyue Wang et al. (1987)
Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region Kutná Hora District Kutná Hora Vrchlice river valley ⓘ Slag locality	Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ...
Karlovy Vary Region Cheb District Ovesné Kladruby ⓘ Podhorní hill (Podhora)	Jirasek et al. (2026)
Ústí nad Labem Region Teplice District Zabrušany ⓘ Želénky	Žáček et al. (2005)
DR Congo
North Kivu Nyiragongo Territory ⓘ Nyiragongo Volcano	Andersen et al. (2014)
France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Puy-de-Dôme Riom Pontgibaud ⓘ Pontgibaud smelter slag locality	Vanaecker et al. (2014)
Occitanie Aveyron Rodez Sévérac-d'Aveyron ⓘ Lapanouse-de-Sévérac slag locality	publication date: November 2018 +1 other reference
Villefranche-de-Rouergue Decazeville ⓘ Decazeville smelter slag locality	Vanaecker et al. (2014)
Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl Oberbergen ⓘ Badloch Quarry	Keller et al. (1995)
Lower Saxony Goslar District Clausthal-Zellerfeld Bergstadt Altenau ⓘ Silver smelter slag locality	Hofmann-Degen (1919)
ⓘ Lead smelter Clausthal slag locality (Frankenscharrn smelter slag locality)	[var: Justite (of Hofmann-Degen)] Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference
Langelsheim Astfeld ⓘ Herzog Julius smelter slag locality
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Märkischer Kreis Iserlohn Letmathe Helmke quarry nature reserve ⓘ Genna zinc smelter slag locality	Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference
Cologne Aachen Stolberg ⓘ Binsfeldhammer lead smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
ⓘ Münsterbusch zinc smelter slag locality	Luetcke (n.d.) +1 other reference
Euskirchen Kall ⓘ Copper smelter slag locality	Neschen (n.d.)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Mayen ⓘ Seekante	Christof Schäfer
ⓘ Xenolith CS-008 (Bellbergite type-locality)	in the collection of Christof Schäfer
ⓘ Xenolith CS-020	Skrzyńska et al. (2023)
ⓘ Xenolith CS-090 (Hopmannite type locality)	Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) +1 other reference
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry	Blaß et al. (1999)
ⓘ Xenolith CS-034 (Alfredcasparite-bearing xenolith)	in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Vulkaneifel Gerolstein Gerolstein Roth ⓘ Rother Kopf	Aksenov et al. (2014)
Hillesheim ⓘ Graulay quarry	in the collection of Christof Schäfer +1 other reference
Saxony-Anhalt Mansfeld-Südharz Helbra ⓘ August Bebel smelter (Koch smelter) slag locality	Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ...
Iraq
Sulaymaniyah Governorate Pshdar District Qaladiza Hero ⓘ Dupezeh Mountain
Israel
Southern District Beersheba Subdistrict Tamar Regional Council Hatrurim Basin ⓘ Road no. 31	Galuskina et al. (2024)
ⓘ Wadi Halamish	Galuskina et al. (2024)
Italy
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples ⓘ Mount Somma	[Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23
Lazio Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Campagnano di Roma ⓘ Monte Cavalluccio
Sacrofano ⓘ Biachella Valley	Vanrusselt (2023)
Umbria Perugia Province Spoleto ⓘ Colle Fabbri	Stoppa et al. (2009)
Terni Province San Venanzo ⓘ Vispi Quarry	Joel Dyer collection
Japan
Shimane Prefecture Hamada City ⓘ Hamada alkaline volcanics	The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed)
Middle East
ⓘ Hatrurim Formation	Gross (1977)
Mongolia
Töv Province Bayan District ⓘ Nyalga combustion metamorphic complexes	Peretyazhko et al. (2017)
Morocco
ⓘ Jbel Saghro	Berger et al. (2009)
Namibia
Oshikoto Region Tsumeb ⓘ Tsumeb smelter slag locality	Ettler et al. (2009)
Norway
Telemark Skien ⓘ Flekkeren	Jamtveit et al. (1997)
Poland
Silesian Voivodeship Świętochłowice ⓘ Guidotto zinc smelter slag locality	Vanaecker et al. (2014)
Romania
Brașov County ⓘ Racoş (Racoşul de Jos)	Szakáll
ⓘ Basalt quarry	Szakáll et al. (2010)
Russia
Krasnoyarsk Krai Evenkiysky District ⓘ Kuzmovka complex	Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference
Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin ⓘ Odikhincha massif	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Murmansk Oblast ⓘ Khibiny Massif	...
Kovdorsky District ⓘ Kovdor Massif	Kalinkina et al. (2001)
ⓘ Putelichorr Mt	Arzamastsev et al. (1990) +2 other references
ⓘ Tazheranskii Massif	Sklyarov et al. (2021)
Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Lučenec District Čamovce ⓘ Unnamed stone quarry	[[1]]Reato
Prešov Region Prešov District Fintice ⓘ Fintice quarry	Martin Števko-unpublished
South Africa
Limpopo Sekhukhune District Municipality Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality ⓘ Hendriksplaats Farm	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Northern Cape John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality Joe Morolong Local Municipality ⓘ Wessels Mine	Pohl et al. (1991)
Sweden
Västernorrland County Timrå ⓘ Söråker	Sandström et al. (2010)
UK
England Cornwall Crantock ⓘ The Gannel Smelter slag locality	S. Rust collection
Northern Ireland County Antrim Larne Glenoe ⓘ Carneal	Sabine et al. (1985)
ⓘ Scawt Hill	Tilley et al. (1931)
ⓘ Scotland	Tindle (2008)
Highland Fort William and Ardnamurchan Ardnamurchan ⓘ Kilchoan	Agrell (1965) +2 other references
USA
California Riverside County Jurupa Valley ⓘ Crestmore	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Colorado Gunnison County White Earth Mining District (Powderhorn Mining District) ⓘ Iron Hill deposit	Eckel et al. (1997)
New Mexico Luna County Tres Hermanas Mountains ⓘ Tres Hermanas Mining District	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
New York Essex County ⓘ Adirondack Park	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Keene Township Cascade Mountain ⓘ Cascade Slide	Valley et al. (1979) +1 other reference
Oregon Douglas County ⓘ Diamond Lake	Daniel Hummer Collection
Texas Culberson County Apache Peak area ⓘ Marble Canyon Mine (Texas Agricultural Aggregates Quarry)	Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3)
Outer Space
ⓘ NGC 6302 (Bug Nebula; Butterfly Nebula) ?	Posch et al. (2007)

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