Sea urchins, are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft; 2,700 fathoms). Their tests (hard shells) are round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in) across. Sea urchins move slowly, crawling with their tube feet, and sometimes pushing themselves with their spines. They feed primarily on algae but also eat slow-moving or sessile animals. Their predators include sea otters, starfish, wolf eels, triggerfish, and humans.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	221	https://www.gbif.org/species/221
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	32733	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=32733

Rank

class

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ambulacraria
phylum	Echinodermata	Klein 1754
subphylum	Echinozoa	von Zittel 1895
class	Echinoidea	Leske 1778

Common Name

sea urchin

Scientific Name

Echinoidea

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	stated with evidence	Clark, 1904
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	stated without evidence	Clark and Twitchell, 1915
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinozoa	stated without evidence	Squires, 1984
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	implied	Barnes, 1998
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinozoa	stated without evidence	Boczarowski, 2001
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinodermata	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinozoa	stated without evidence	Webster et al., 2009
Echinoidea	class	belongs to Echinozoa	stated with evidence	Kroh and Smith, 2010

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

2,687

Extant Size (PBDB)

449 (17%)

First Recorded Appearance

470 - 458 Ma
Middle Ordovician

Environment

marine (based on Echinodermata)

Motility

actively mobile

Vision

limited

Diet

grazer, deposit feeder

Reproduction

dispersal=water,planktonic (based on Echinodermata)

Ontogeny

accretion,addition of parts (based on Echinodermata)

Taphonomy

high Mg calcite

Primary Reference (PBDB)

N. G. Leske. 1778. Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum, edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum, G. E. Beer, Leipzig

Common Name(s)

Sea Urchins, Sea-urchins, Sjöborrar, Sea Urchin, Heart Urchins, Sand Dollars, Urchins, Châtaignes De Mer, Clypéastres, Oursins, Bolacha Da Praia, Equinóide, Ouriço Do Mar, Zee-egels, Zeeappels, ウニ／海胆, Echinoid, Echinoids

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoidea

External Images

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Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
👁 Image Cidaroidea subclass	listed (PBDB)	1,348	296 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Euechinoidea subclass	listed (PBDB)	7,550	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Perischoechinoidea ✝ subclass	listed (PBDB)	148	470 Ma Middle Ordovician	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
👁 Image Regularia subclass	listed (PBDB)	1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Gnathostomata superorder	listed (PBDB)	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Acrosalenioida order	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Arbacioida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	198	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Aspidodiadematoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	8	190 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Camarodonta order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	252	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Cassiduloida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	370	145 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Cassiduloidea order	listed (PBDB)	8	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Centrechinoida ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Cidaroida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Pencil Urchin	1,338	296 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Clypeasteroida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Sand Dollar	1,068	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Diadematoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	21	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Diplocidaroida ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Disasteroida ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Echinoida order	listed (PBDB)	49	314 Ma Carboniferous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Echinolampadoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	197	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Echinoneoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	154	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Echinothurioida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	18	176 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Exocycloida order	listed (PBDB)	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Holasteroida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	646	145 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Holectypoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	371	170 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Micropygoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Oligopygoida ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Pedinoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	116	237 Ma Middle Triassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Phymosomatoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	310	172 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Salenioida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	348	183 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Spatangoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Heart Urchin	2,093	145 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Stomopneustoida order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	77	183 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Temnopleuroida order	listed (PBDB)	23	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Exocycloidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Acrolusiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Archaeocidaridae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	79	427 Ma Silurian	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Bothriocidaridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	14	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	450 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Catopygids family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Collyritidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	165 Ma Middle Jurassic
👁 Image Corystusidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Cravenechinidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	431 Ma Silurian	299 Ma Carboniferous
👁 Image Desorellidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	172 Ma Middle Jurassic	172 Ma Middle Jurassic
👁 Image Disasteridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	71	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
👁 Image Echinocystitidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	421 Ma Silurian	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Eodiadematidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eothuriidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Galeropygidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gitolampadids family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Glyphopneustidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
👁 Image Hemicidaridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	186	190 Ma Early Jurassic	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hemicidaroidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyattechinidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyboclypids family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lenticidaridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Lepidesthidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	408 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	299 Ma Carboniferous
👁 Image Lepidocentridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	98	456 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	307 Ma Carboniferous
👁 Image Orthopsidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	59	201 Ma Early Jurassic	23.0 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Palaechinidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	345 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Pedinopsids family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Proterocidaridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
👁 Image Pseudodiadematidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	279	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Pygasteridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	19	197 Ma Early Jurassic	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
👁 Image Pygaulidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pygorhytidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pygurids family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Tiarechinidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
👁 Image Tithoniidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	165 Ma Middle Jurassic	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
👁 Image Triadotiaridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	25	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
👁 Image Atlasaster ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Besairecidaris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bichordites genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Brangema genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Bromidechinus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Cardioichnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Cidarites genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	0 Ma Extant
👁 Image Crinocidaris ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cunidentechinus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Desoricidaris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Dysaster ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	151 Ma Late Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
👁 Image Echinocrinus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	38	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	279 Ma Permian
Ereipichnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Firmacidaris ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
👁 Image Galeroclypeus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gnathichnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kieritiaris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mizunamia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Notidisaster genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Parechinus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Proisaster genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pronucleolites genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pygolampas genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Radiolus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	7.25 Ma Miocene
Temnaster genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Thielicidaris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Timorocidaris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Yunnanechinus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Leiotomaster bosei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mandalacystis dockeryi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Parviscutellina kewi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1833	Cidaris buchii Münster p. 121 figs. Pl 40, figs 5a,b
1841	Pleurechinus Agassiz p. 7
1841	Cidaris scrobiculata Braun p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 21
1841	Cidaris dorsata Braun p. 46 figs. Pl 4, fig 1
1841	Cidaris biformis Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 13
1841	Cidaris buchii Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 11
1841	Cidaris remifera Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 12
1841	Cidaris cingulata Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 17
1841	Cidaris trigona Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 15
1841	Cidaris decorata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 22
1841	Cidaris linearis Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 19
1841	Cidaris semicostata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 20
1841	Cidaris hausmanni Wissmann p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 14
1841	Cidaris roemeri Wissmann p. 47 figs. Pl 4, fig 3
1841	Cidaris waechteri Wissmann p. 48 figs. Pl 5, fig 22
1843	Cidaris bispinosa Klipstein p. 272 figs. Pl 18, fig 12
1845	Cidaris globifera Klipstein p. 271 figs. Pl 18, fig 9
1847	Cidaris wissmanni Desor p. 26
1847	Cidaris braunii Desor p. 31
1847	Cidaris transversa von Meyer p. 576
1855	Cidaris tyrolensis Desor p. 20 figs. Pl 2, fig 7
1855	Cidaris avena Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 25
1855	Cidaris perplexa Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 15
1855	Cidaris similis Desor p. 22 figs. Pl 2, fig 28
1857	Cidaris lanceata Stoppani p. 412
1857	Cidaris alternata Stoppani p. 413
1857	Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani p. 413
1857	Cidaris verticillata Stoppani p. 413
1857	Hemicidaris gracilis Stoppani p. 413
1857	Hemicidaris obliquelineata Stoppani p. 413
1858	Cidaris austriaca Desor p. 20 figs. Pl 2, fig 14
1865	Cidaris dorsata Laube p. 63 figs. Pl 9, fig 12
1865	Cidaris hausmanni Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 9, fig 13
1865	Cidaris petersii Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 8b, fig 5
1865	Cidaris scrobiculata Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 7
1865	Cidaris trigona Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 6
1865	Cidaris roemeri Laube p. 67 figs. Pl 10, fig 1
1865	Cidaris buchii Laube p. 68 figs. Pl 10, fig 2
1865	Cidaris semicostata Laube p. 69 figs. Pl 10, fig 3
1865	Cidaris decorata Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 5
1865	Cidaris fustis Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 4
1865	Cidaris wissmanni Laube p. 71 figs. Pl 10, fig 8
1865	Cidaris biformis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 9
1865	Cidaris linearis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 10
1865	Cidaris braunii Laube p. 73 figs. Pl 10, fig 6
1865	Cidaris triserrata Laube p. 74 figs. Pl 10, fig 11
1865	Cidaris alternata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris lanceata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani
1865	Cidaris verticillata Stoppani
1865	Hypodiadema gracilis Stoppani
1865	Hypodiadema obliquelineata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris caudex Stoppani p. 96 figs. Pl 19, fig 18
1865	Cidaris stipes Stoppani p. 97 figs. Pl 19, fig 21
1872	Cidaris stoppanii de Loriol p. 3 figs. Pl 1, figs 1-3
1874	Ombria Quenstedt p. 298
1875	Radiolus complanatus Quenstedt p. 196 figs. Pl 68, fig 87
1875	Cidaris undulatus Quenstedt p. 199 figs. Pl 68, fig 98
1889	Cidaris braunii von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, figs 13, 14
1889	Cidaris dorsata von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, fig 12
1889	Cidaris buchii von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, fig 15
1889	Cidaris schwageri von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, figs 16,17
1889	Cidaris decoratissima von Wöhrmann p. 196 figs. Pl 5, fig 20
1897	Echinopluteus Mortensen p. 5
1900	Plegiocidaris senex Lambert p. 48
1904	Echinoidea Clark p. 430
1905	Cidaris regnyi Lambert p. 94
1909	Radiolus raiblianus Bather p. 216 figs. Pl 13, figs 399-403; pl 16, figs 450,451
1909	Radiolus penna Bather p. 218 figs. Pl 13, figs 404-412
1909	Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230
1914	Gajechinus Lambert and Thiéry p. 242
1915	Echinoidea Clark and Twitchell p. 23
1920	Dallonia Lambert
1926	Cidaris ecki Assmann p. 517 figs. Pl 9, figs 7-10
1929	Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230
1929	Radiolus segmentatus Bather p. 236 figs. Pl 258(2), figs 27-29
1929	Radiolus boletus Bather p. 239 figs. Pl 258, figs 36-38
1929	Radiolus culter Bather p. 241 figs. Pl 258, figs 39-41
1929	Radiolus festuca Bather p. 244 figs. Pl 258, figs 46-48
1929	Radiolus fusus Bather p. 245 figs. Pl 258, fig 49
1930	Vernius de Gregorio p. 18
1930	Protocidaris de Gregorio p. 20
1936	Radiolus adametzi Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, figs 50,51
1936	Radiolus alutensis Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 46
1936	Radiolus racadaui Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 47
1936	Radiolus antipai Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 48
1936	Radiolus herbichi Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 45
1937	Cidaris remifera Assmann p. 23 figs. Pl 5, fig 17
1937	Radiolus rostratus Korner p. 163 figs. Pl 11, fig 1
1938	Echinoidea Grant and Hertlein p. 4
1950	Cidaris zardini Leonardi and Lovo p. 9 figs. Pl 2, figs 21-24,26
1950	Cidaris aculeata Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 1, fig 8
1950	Cidaris pyramidalis Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 2, fig 25
1966	Echinoidea Durham et al. p. U297
1973	Cidaris seelandica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 11, figs 1-11; pl 21, fig 4
1973	Cidaris tetraedrica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 7, figs 21-26
1973	Cidaris biconica Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, figs 1a-9b; pl 21, fig 5
1973	Cidaris forminensis Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, fig 13; pl 17, fig 9; pl 20, fig 35; pl 21, fig 8
1973	Cidaris ovata Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 8, figs 23-26
1973	Cidaris costata Zardini p. 19 figs. Pl 10, figs 15,20
1973	Cidaris alpina Zardini p. 20 figs. Pl 21, fig 3; pl 7, figs 27,28
1973	Cidaris costalarensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 12, figs 4-11c
1973	Cidaris costeanensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 10, fig 24; pl 17, figs 22,23; pl 18, fig 37
1973	Cidaris plana Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, fig 45; pl 15, fig 20; pl 19, fig 2; pl 22, fig 4
1973	Cidaris spongiosa Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 47-50; pl 17, figs 5-8; pl 18, figs 10-13
1973	Cidaris sulcata Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 12-17
1973	Cidaris trapezoidalis Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 42-44,46
1973	Cidaris coralliophila Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 26,27
1973	Cidaris glabra Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 37-39; pl 18, fig 33
1973	Cidaris milierensis Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 19-21
1973	Cidaris verticillata Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 6-9
1973	Cidaris quadriserrata Zardini p. 24 figs. Pl 13, figs 1,2,4; pl 22, fig 6
1973	Cidaris reticulata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, figs 9-12
1973	Cidaris tenuicostata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, fig 8; pl 19, fig 4; pl 22, fig 5
1973	Cidaris quadrialata Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 10, fig 27
1973	Cidaris valparolae Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 18, figs 30,31
1977	Cidaris aialensis Kier p. 35
1984	Echinoidea Squires p. 55
1987	Echinoidea Squires p. 72
1998	Echinoidea Barnes p. 312
2001	Echinoidea Boczarowski p. 86
2002	Echinoidea Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Protocidaris Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Vernius Sepkoski, Jr.
2009	Echinoidea Webster et al. p. 248
2010	Echinoidea Kroh and Smith p. 169
2014	Cidaris dorsata Nützel and Kaim p. 426 fig. 11j
1833	Cidaris buchii Münster p. 121 figs. Pl 40, figs 5a,b

Year	Name and Author
1841	Pleurechinus Agassiz p. 7
1841	Cidaris scrobiculata Braun p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 21
1841	Cidaris dorsata Braun p. 46 figs. Pl 4, fig 1
1841	Cidaris biformis Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 13
1841	Cidaris buchii Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 11
1841	Cidaris remifera Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 12
1841	Cidaris cingulata Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 17
1841	Cidaris trigona Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 15
1841	Cidaris decorata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 22
1841	Cidaris linearis Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 19
1841	Cidaris semicostata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 20
1841	Cidaris hausmanni Wissmann p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 14
1841	Cidaris roemeri Wissmann p. 47 figs. Pl 4, fig 3
1841	Cidaris waechteri Wissmann p. 48 figs. Pl 5, fig 22
1843	Cidaris bispinosa Klipstein p. 272 figs. Pl 18, fig 12
1845	Cidaris globifera Klipstein p. 271 figs. Pl 18, fig 9
1847	Cidaris wissmanni Desor p. 26
1847	Cidaris braunii Desor p. 31
1847	Cidaris transversa von Meyer p. 576
1855	Cidaris tyrolensis Desor p. 20 figs. Pl 2, fig 7
1855	Cidaris avena Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 25
1855	Cidaris perplexa Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 15
1855	Cidaris similis Desor p. 22 figs. Pl 2, fig 28
1857	Cidaris lanceata Stoppani p. 412
1857	Cidaris alternata Stoppani p. 413
1857	Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani p. 413
1857	Cidaris verticillata Stoppani p. 413
1857	Hemicidaris gracilis Stoppani p. 413
1857	Hemicidaris obliquelineata Stoppani p. 413
1858	Cidaris austriaca Desor p. 20 figs. Pl 2, fig 14
1865	Cidaris dorsata Laube p. 63 figs. Pl 9, fig 12
1865	Cidaris hausmanni Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 9, fig 13
1865	Cidaris petersii Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 8b, fig 5
1865	Cidaris scrobiculata Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 7
1865	Cidaris trigona Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 6
1865	Cidaris roemeri Laube p. 67 figs. Pl 10, fig 1
1865	Cidaris buchii Laube p. 68 figs. Pl 10, fig 2
1865	Cidaris semicostata Laube p. 69 figs. Pl 10, fig 3
1865	Cidaris decorata Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 5
1865	Cidaris fustis Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 4
1865	Cidaris wissmanni Laube p. 71 figs. Pl 10, fig 8
1865	Cidaris biformis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 9
1865	Cidaris linearis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 10
1865	Cidaris braunii Laube p. 73 figs. Pl 10, fig 6
1865	Cidaris triserrata Laube p. 74 figs. Pl 10, fig 11
1865	Cidaris alternata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris lanceata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani
1865	Cidaris verticillata Stoppani
1865	Hypodiadema gracilis Stoppani
1865	Hypodiadema obliquelineata Stoppani
1865	Cidaris caudex Stoppani p. 96 figs. Pl 19, fig 18
1865	Cidaris stipes Stoppani p. 97 figs. Pl 19, fig 21
1872	Cidaris stoppanii de Loriol p. 3 figs. Pl 1, figs 1-3
1874	Ombria Quenstedt p. 298
1875	Radiolus complanatus Quenstedt p. 196 figs. Pl 68, fig 87
1875	Cidaris undulatus Quenstedt p. 199 figs. Pl 68, fig 98
1889	Cidaris braunii von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, figs 13, 14
1889	Cidaris dorsata von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, fig 12
1889	Cidaris buchii von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, fig 15
1889	Cidaris schwageri von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, figs 16,17
1889	Cidaris decoratissima von Wöhrmann p. 196 figs. Pl 5, fig 20
1897	Echinopluteus Mortensen p. 5
1900	Plegiocidaris senex Lambert p. 48
1904	Echinoidea Clark p. 430
1905	Cidaris regnyi Lambert p. 94
1909	Radiolus raiblianus Bather p. 216 figs. Pl 13, figs 399-403; pl 16, figs 450,451
1909	Radiolus penna Bather p. 218 figs. Pl 13, figs 404-412
1909	Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230
1914	Gajechinus Lambert and Thiéry p. 242
1915	Echinoidea Clark and Twitchell p. 23
1920	Dallonia Lambert
1926	Cidaris ecki Assmann p. 517 figs. Pl 9, figs 7-10
1929	Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230
1929	Radiolus segmentatus Bather p. 236 figs. Pl 258(2), figs 27-29
1929	Radiolus boletus Bather p. 239 figs. Pl 258, figs 36-38
1929	Radiolus culter Bather p. 241 figs. Pl 258, figs 39-41
1929	Radiolus festuca Bather p. 244 figs. Pl 258, figs 46-48
1929	Radiolus fusus Bather p. 245 figs. Pl 258, fig 49
1930	Vernius de Gregorio p. 18
1930	Protocidaris de Gregorio p. 20
1936	Radiolus adametzi Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, figs 50,51
1936	Radiolus alutensis Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 46
1936	Radiolus racadaui Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 47
1936	Radiolus antipai Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 48
1936	Radiolus herbichi Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 45
1937	Cidaris remifera Assmann p. 23 figs. Pl 5, fig 17
1937	Radiolus rostratus Korner p. 163 figs. Pl 11, fig 1
1938	Echinoidea Grant and Hertlein p. 4
1950	Cidaris zardini Leonardi and Lovo p. 9 figs. Pl 2, figs 21-24,26
1950	Cidaris aculeata Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 1, fig 8
1950	Cidaris pyramidalis Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 2, fig 25
1962	Echinoidea Hall, Jr. p. 65
1966	Echinoidea Durham et al. p. U297
1973	Cidaris seelandica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 11, figs 1-11; pl 21, fig 4
1973	Cidaris tetraedrica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 7, figs 21-26
1973	Cidaris biconica Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, figs 1a-9b; pl 21, fig 5
1973	Cidaris forminensis Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, fig 13; pl 17, fig 9; pl 20, fig 35; pl 21, fig 8
1973	Cidaris ovata Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 8, figs 23-26
1973	Cidaris costata Zardini p. 19 figs. Pl 10, figs 15,20
1973	Cidaris alpina Zardini p. 20 figs. Pl 21, fig 3; pl 7, figs 27,28
1973	Cidaris costalarensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 12, figs 4-11c
1973	Cidaris costeanensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 10, fig 24; pl 17, figs 22,23; pl 18, fig 37
1973	Cidaris plana Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, fig 45; pl 15, fig 20; pl 19, fig 2; pl 22, fig 4
1973	Cidaris spongiosa Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 47-50; pl 17, figs 5-8; pl 18, figs 10-13
1973	Cidaris sulcata Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 12-17
1973	Cidaris trapezoidalis Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 42-44,46
1973	Cidaris coralliophila Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 26,27
1973	Cidaris glabra Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 37-39; pl 18, fig 33
1973	Cidaris milierensis Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 19-21
1973	Cidaris verticillata Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 6-9
1973	Cidaris quadriserrata Zardini p. 24 figs. Pl 13, figs 1,2,4; pl 22, fig 6
1973	Cidaris reticulata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, figs 9-12
1973	Cidaris tenuicostata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, fig 8; pl 19, fig 4; pl 22, fig 5
1973	Cidaris quadrialata Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 10, fig 27
1973	Cidaris valparolae Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 18, figs 30,31
1977	Cidaris aialensis Kier p. 35
1984	Echinoidea Squires p. 55
1987	Echinoidea Squires p. 72
1998	Echinoidea Barnes p. 312
1999	Echinoidea Squires p. 29
2001	Echinoidea Boczarowski p. 86
2002	Echinoidea Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Protocidaris Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Vernius Sepkoski, Jr.
2009	Echinoidea Webster et al. p. 248
2010	Echinoidea Kroh and Smith p. 169
2014	Cidaris dorsata Nützel and Kaim p. 426 fig. 11j

References

Leske N. G. , Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum, edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta. Addimenta ad I. T. Klein naturalem dispositionem Echinodermatum, G. E. Beer, Leipzig, 1-278

Agassiz L. Préface, Monographies d’échinodermes vivans et fossiles. Anatomie des échinodermes. I. Monographie de anatomie du genre Echinus. L. Agassiz, Neuchâtel, 1-10

Braun C. F. Taxonomic names, in Beiträge zur Geognosie und Petrefacten-Kunde des südöstlichen Tirols vorzüglich der Schichten von St. Cassian, Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde 4, 1-152

Münster G. Beiträge zur Geognosie und Petrefacten-Kunde des südöstlichen Tirols vorzüglich der Schichten von St. Cassian. II. Beschreibung und Abbildung der in den Kalkmergelschichten von St. Cassian gefunden Versteinerungen, Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde 4, 25-152

Wissmann H. L. Taxonomic names, in Beiträge zur Geognosie und Petrefacten-Kunde des südöstlichen Tirols vorzüglich der Schichten von St. Cassian, Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde 4, 1-152

Laube G. C. , Die Fauna der Schichten von St. Cassian: Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie der Alpinen Trias. II. Abtheilung. Spongitarien, Corallen, Echiniden und Crinoiden, 1-76

Stoppani A. Géologie et paléontologie des couches à Avicula contorta en Lombardie, Paleontologie Lombarde 3, 1-267

Quenstedt F. A. , Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Abtheilung 1, Band 3 Echinodermen. Die Echiniden. L. F. Fues, Leipzig, 1-724

von Wöhrmann S. Die Fauna der sogenannten Cardita- und Raibler-Schichten in den Nordtiroler und bayerischen Alpen., Jahrbuch des kaiserlich-königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wein 39, 181-258

Lambert J., Thiéry P. (1914) Essai de nomenclature Raisonnée des échinides, L. Ferrière, Chaumont 4, 241-320

Clark W. B., Twitchell M. W. (1915) The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 54, 1-341

de Gregorio A. (1930) Sul Permiano di Sicilia (fossili del calcare con Fusulina di Palazzo Adriano non descritti dal Prof. G. Gemmellaro conservati nel mio privato gabinetto), Annales de Géologie et de Paléontologie 52, 1-67

Grant U. S., Hertlein L. G. (1938) The West American Cenozoic Echinoidea, Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Mathematical and Physical Sciences 2, 1-225

Kier P. M. (1977) Triassic Echinoids, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 30, 1-88

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Boczarowski A. (2001) Isolated sclerites of Devonian nonpelmatozoan echinoderms, Palaeontologia Polonica 59, 3-220

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Webster G. D., Waters J. A., et al (2009) New Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) echinoderms from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, western China, Palaeoworld 18, 241-250

Kroh A., Smith A. B. (2010) The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 2, 147-212 doi:10.1080/14772011003603556

Nützel A., Kaim A. (2014) Diversity, palaeoecology and systematics of a marine fossil assemblage from the Late Triassic Cassian Formation at Settsass Scharte, N Italy, Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 88, 405-431 doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0205-1

Smith, Andrew B., 1984: Classification of the Echinodermata. Palaeontology, vol 27, pt. 3. 431-459. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Hendler, Gordon, John E. Miller, David L. Pawson, and Porter M. Kier, 1995: null. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. xi + 390. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca, 2002: null. Invertebrates, Second Edition. xx + 936. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,. 50: pp. 336-351. - via World Register of Marine Species

Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010): The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8/2: 147-212. - via World Register of Marine Species

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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⇱ Echinoidea

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Echinoidea

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URL: https://www.mindat.org/taxon-221.html

⇱ Echinoidea

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Echinoidea