 |
VOOZH | about |
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VOOZH | about |
| Description | The term sand dollar (also known as a sea cookie or snapper biscuit in New Zealand, or pansy shell in South Africa) refers to species of extremely flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Some species within the order, not quite as flat, are known as sea biscuits. (Related animals include other sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and starfish.) From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clypeasteroida, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source Data |
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| Rank | order | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Clypeasteroida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Clypeasteroida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Common Name | sand dollar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific Name | Clypeasteroida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 402 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 79 (20%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 101 - 89 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment | marine (based on Echinodermata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | slow-moving | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vision | limited (based on Echinoidea) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | detritivore | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reproduction | dispersal=water,planktonic (based on Echinodermata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ontogeny | accretion,addition of parts (based on Echinodermata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ecospace Comments | LIFE HISTORY: some of the taxa in this order have a more stationary, semi-infaunal mode of life. These taxa are usually suspension feeders; regard by Bambach et al. as detritivores, deposit feeders and suspension feeders; surficial, semi-infaunal, and shallow infaunal. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | high Mg calcite (based on Echinoidea) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | L. Agassiz. 1836. Prodrome d'une monographie des radiaires ou รฉchinodermes. Mรฉmoires de la Sociรฉtรฉ des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchรขtel 1:168-199 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name(s) | Sand Dollars, Sand Dollar, ใฟใณใใใฏใฉ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clypeasteroida |
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ๐ Image Clypeasterina suborder | listed (PBDB) | 240 | 41.3 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Laganina suborder | listed (PBDB) | 33 | 47.8 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Scutellina genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 649 | 101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Abertellidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Arachnoidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Arachnoididae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Astriclypeidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 19 | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Clypeasteridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 238 | 41.3 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Clypeastres family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Conoclypeidae โ family | listed (PBDB) | 3 | 47.8 Ma Eocene | 16.0 Ma Miocene | |
| Conoclypidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Dendrasteridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 64 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Echinarachniidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 120 | 101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Echinocyamidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Eoscutellidae โ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 41.3 Ma Eocene | 41.3 Ma Eocene | |
| Faujasidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Faujasiidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 91 | 93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Fibulariidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 105 | 61.6 Ma Paleocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Fossulasteridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| ๐ Image Laganidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 32 | 38.0 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Mellitidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 92 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Monophorasteridae โ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 15 | 55.8 Ma Eocene | 16.0 Ma Miocene | |
| ๐ Image Neolaganidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 29 | 47.8 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| ๐ Image Oligopygidae โ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 44 | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | 23.0 Ma Miocene | |
| ๐ Image Plesiolampadidae โ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| ๐ Image Protoscutellidae โ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 132 | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | 28.1 Ma Oligocene | |
| ๐ Image Rotulidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| ๐ Image Rotulina family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| ๐ Image Scutasteridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Scutellidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Scutellinidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Scutellinoididae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Taiwanasteridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| Togocyamids family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Cossmannaster genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Hesperaster genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| Marginoproctus genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| ๐ Image Proescutella โ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| ๐ Image Prowillungaster โ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| ๐ Image Runa โ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| ๐ Image Tournoueraster โ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| ๐ Image Willungaster โ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1836 | Clypeasteroida Agassiz |
| 1904 | Clypeasteroida Clark p. 432 |
| 1988 | Clypeasteroida Linder et al. p. 953 |
| 2002 | Clypeasteroida Sepkoski, Jr. |
| 2010 | Clypeasteroida Kroh and Smith p. 172 |
| Agassiz L. Prodrome d'une monographie des radiaires ou รฉchinodermes, Mรฉmoires de la Sociรฉtรฉ des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchรขtel 1, 168-199 |
| Linder R. A., Durham J. W., et al (1988) New late Oligocene echinoids from the central western cascades of Oregon, Journal of Paleontology 62 6, 945-958 |
| Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560 |
| Kroh A., Smith A. B. (2010) The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 2, 147-212 doi:10.1080/14772011003603556 |
| Serafy, D. Keith, 1979: Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, vol. V, pt. III. 1-120. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Wagner, Carol D., 1974: Fossil and Recent Sand Dollar Echinoids of Alaska. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 48, no. 1. 105-123. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Hansson, G, Samuelsson, Cedhagen & Strand (2013) Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Tagghudingarโsvalgstrรคngsdjur. Echinodermataโ Hemichordata. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas |
| WoRMS (2010) Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas |
| Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,. 50: pp. 336-351. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010): The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8/2: 147-212. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Agassiz, A. (1872-1874). Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoรถlogy at Harvard College. pt. 1-2: i-xii, 1-378, pls. 1-49 (1872); pt. 3: 379-628+1, pls. 50-77 (1873); pt. 4: 629-762, pls. 78-94 (1874). - via World Register of Marine Species |
