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Toxodontidae ✝

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Description

Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (5,000 BP) of South America, with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southwestern North America (Texas). They somewhat resembled rhinoceroses, and had teeth with high crowns and open roots, suggesting that they often fed on tough pampas grass. However, isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that the most recent forms were grazing and browsing generalists.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3240514	https://www.gbif.org/species/3240514
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	43390	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43390

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Toxodontidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Notoungulata : Toxodontidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Notoungulata	Roth 1903
suborder	Toxodontia	Ameghino 1887
family	Toxodontidae	Ameghino 1889

Scientific Name

Toxodontidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated without evidence	Ameghino, 1887
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated with evidence	Ameghino, 1889
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated with evidence	Ameghino, 1907
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	implied	Carroll, 1988
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Notoungulata	stated without evidence	MacFadden et al., 1993
Toxodontidae	family	belongs to Toxodontia	stated with evidence	Billet, 2011

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

131

First Recorded Appearance

29.0 - 23.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Last Recorded Appearance

0.01 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Notoungulata)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

F. Ameghino. 1889. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic]. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6:xxxii-1027

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest
👁 Image Dinotoxodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	23	16.3 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Nesodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	77	29.0 Ma Oligocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Toxodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	14	11.6 Ma Miocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
👁 Image Adinotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	38	23.0 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Alitoxodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	6.80 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Calchaquitherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	9.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Dilobodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	9.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Dinotoxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	9.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
Eutomodus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
👁 Image Eutrigonodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	11.6 Ma Miocene	6.80 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Gronotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Gyrinodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Hemixotodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	10.00 Ma Miocene	10.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Hoffstetterius ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	9.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Hyperoxotodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Mixotoxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	19	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
👁 Image Nesodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	35	29.0 Ma Oligocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Nesodonopsis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Ocnerotherium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Oriadubitherium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Palaeotoxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	11.6 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Palyeidodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	21.0 Ma Miocene	15.5 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Paratrigodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	13.8 Ma Miocene	10.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Pericotoxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	17	16.3 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Phobereotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Pisanodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	10.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Posnanskytherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	9	6.80 Ma Miocene	4.00 Ma Pliocene
👁 Image Proadinotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	29.0 Ma Oligocene	21.0 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Probereotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Pronesodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Prototrigodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	16.3 Ma Miocene	16.3 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Stenotephanos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	9.00 Ma Miocene	9.00 Ma Miocene
👁 Image Stereotoxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
👁 Image Toxodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	63	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
👁 Image Xotodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	13	11.6 Ma Miocene	4.00 Ma Pliocene
👁 Image Xotoprodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Morphippus corrugatus Ameghino, 1899	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : *Morphippus corrugatus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1887	Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 30
1889	Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 375
1889	Toxodontidae Cope p. 876
1891	Toxodontidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1894	Toxodontidae Lydekker p. 12
1899	Morphippus corrugatus Ameghino
1907	Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 90

Year	Name and Author
1910	Toxodontidae Gregory p. 466
1956	Toxodontidae Paula Couto p. 102
1988	Toxodontidae Carroll
1993	Toxodontidae MacFadden et al. p. 235
2011	Toxodontidae Billet
2016	Toxodontidae Deraco and GarcÍa-López

References

Ameghino F. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic], Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6, xxxii-1027

Ameghino F. Observaciones generales sobre el orden de mamíferos estinguidos sud-americanos llamados toxodontes (Toxodontia) y sinopsis de los géneros y especies hasta ahora conocidos, Anales del Museo de La Plata 1, 1-66

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Lydekker R. Contributions to a knowledge of the Fossil Vertebrates of Argentina. III - A study of extinct argentine ungulates, Anales del Museo de La Plata. Paleontología Argentina 2 3, 1-86

Ameghino F. (1907) Les toxodontes ¡a cornes [The horned toxodonts], Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 16, 49-91

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Paula Couto C. (1956) Mamiferos fosseis do Cenozoico da Amazonia, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Boletim 3, 1-121

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

MacFadden B. J., Anaya F., et al (1993) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Inchasi: a Pliocene mammal-bearing locality from the Bolivian Andes deposited just before the Great American Interchange, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114 2-3, 229-241

Billet G. (2011) Phylogeny of the Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 4, 481-497

Deraco V., GarcÍa-López D. A. (2016) A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 1, e1037884:1-11 doi: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1037884

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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URL: https://www.mindat.org/taxon-3240514.html

⇱ Toxodontidae

👁 Image
Toxodontidae ✝

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Obsolete Names

Synonymy List

References

URL: https://www.mindat.org/taxon-3240514.html

⇱ Toxodontidae

👁 ImageToxodontidae ✝

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Obsolete Names

Synonymy List

References

👁 Image
Toxodontidae ✝